d. a large meteorite impact [2][21][66] Either method may also lead to the creation of brown dwarfs. B) The denser planets lie closer to the Sun. [39] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii. In this context, accretion refers to the process of cooled, solidified grains of dust and ice orbiting the protostar in the protoplanetary disk, colliding and sticking together and gradually growing, up to and including the high-energy collisions between sizable planetesimals. B) are dense, like the iron meteorites. a. a micrometeorite impact. [d][61][65] If all embryos are removed, then no planets will form in this region. At the center of this thin disk of dust and gas, the sun began to form. A) Mars. Convection Zone of the Sun Overview & Process | How Hot is the Center of the Sun? And the whole idea of solar siblings has been busy the last few years. E) Eros. B) a volcanic event. These would not be able to clear out an Earth mass atmosphere or ocean, so if Earth suffered one such impact after having volatiles delivered by late accretion/early bombardment, the Moon could result. [66] This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. If a comet's ion tail is pointing perpendicular to its direction of travel, the comet is The ________ Belt bodies orbit beyond Neptune, but like the planets stay close to the ecliptic plane and in fairly circular orbits. C) more icy. [61] Some of the embryos, which originated in the asteroid belt, are thought to have brought water to Earth. A) Venus B) Jupiter C) Saturn D) the Earth E) Uranus. However, it was not until the 1970s that the modern and most widely accepted variant of the nebular hypothesis the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) emerged. The ________ is the spherical outgassing as a comet nucleus is heated by the Sun. c. the direction the comet is traveling In contrast, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed beyond the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid (i.e. These observations also suggest that planets form in a remarkably short time. They were produced by stars that lived and . By Robert Hazen, Ph.D. , George Mason University. Describe the function(s) of the placenta. b. the Kuiper belt a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. However, between our current models of star and planet formation, and the birth of our Universe, we have come a long way. At this point, the Sun became a main-sequence star. All planets lie in orbits close to the ________ plane. What is true about solar system densities? large asteroid impacting the Yucatan peninsula area, Meteor showers are the result of collisions between asteroids, Carbonaceous asteroids contain fragile organic molecules. A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called a ________. The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. The latter case corresponds to the so-called hot Jupiters, which are likely to have stopped their migration when they reached the inner hole in the protoplanetary disk. But the dust and gas are also the ingredients for the planets themselves. As the solar nebula contracts, it The Condensation Sequences & Planetary Formation, Nebular Theory | Nebular Hypothesis: Explanation. The collapse of an interstellar cloud into a disk, Kants central idea was that the solar system began as a cloud of dispersed particles. The planet will probably have several satellites. A) spins faster due to conservation of angular momentum. [19], In addition, the giant planets probably had accretion disks of their own, in the first meaning of the word. The Astrometric Method looks at the movement of the star in relation to the center of the mass. Compute the rotational speed of the output shaft. Whereas the inner planets range from almost 0 degree tilt, others (like Earth and Mars) are tilted significantly (23.4 and 25, respectively), outer planets have tilts that range from Jupiters minor tilt of 3.13, to Saturn and Neptunes more pronounced tilts (26.73 and 28.32), to Uranus extreme tilt of 97.77, in which its poles are consistently facing towards the Sun. [64] Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems. D) away from the Sun and becomes longest and brightest at perihelion. A) a streak of light in the atmosphere. 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else. E) Both A and C are correct. b. everything past Mars and the asteroid belt C) meteorites and most asteroids c) should be randomly oriented to their star's equator. C) sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun. [57] The second possibility is the core accretion model, which is also known as the nucleated instability model. The mergers begin when the dynamical friction due to the gas disk becomes insufficient to prevent collisions, a process that will begin earlier in a higher metallicity disk. Jupiter and Saturn formed earlier and captured nebular gas before it was cleared out. E) all have rings around their equators. The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. Laplace imagined that the planets had condensed from the primitive solar atmosphere, which originally extended far beyond the limits of the present-day system. According to current theory, the formation of the planets of our solar system occurred as a result of collisions between increasingly large bodies of matter within a flattened cloud of matter circling the early Sun, known as a protoplanetary disk. A) in the Kuiper Belt. The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight - Nebular hypothesis, solar system: Differentiation into inner and outer planets, solar system: The Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis. This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at the center of the cloud. Meteoric material dates the formation of the solar system at about ________ billion years. a. compressive forces A) the circular disk of gas around the Sun's equator from which the planets formed. A) weight divided by the planet's radius. Improved model tests and insights into accretion physics", "RELEASE 14114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive", "Thermal processing of interstellar dust grains in the primitive solar environment", "ALMA Sheds Light on Planet-Forming Gas Streams", "Rapid formation of outer giant planets by disk instability", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, "Linking the collisional history of the main asteroid belt to its dynamical excitation and depletion", "The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt", "The formation of Uranus and Neptune in the Jupiter-Saturn region of the Solar System", "The role of giant planets in terrestrial planet formation", "Are We Alone? These stars have powerful solar winds. B) the Trojan asteroids. How Does the Interstellar Medium Help Form Stars? What came out of the evolutionary hypothesis was the solar nebula theory, the theory that posits that the planets and sun in the solar system formed from the solar nebula. The curved, yellow ________ tail lags behind the blue tail as the comet rounds the Sun. Due to compression, the center of the nebula heats up and begins to glow. ________ of young, condensing stars. A) the direction the comet is traveling. The nebula theoryis the most generally accepted evolutionary model for formation of the solar systemfrom a cloud of gas and dust particles known as a nebula. D) most exoplanets are smaller than Pluto. See Answer. The ________ Belt bodies orbit beyond Neptune, but like the planets stay close to the a. only Jupiter and Saturn Therefore, leading many to assume that there are numerous solar systems to be discovered. (Venus may be an exception, since some claim it is becoming tidally locked to the Sun Mercury is instead locked in a 3:2 resonance and it is in fact now retrograde with a putative near axis lock.) The hot-Jupiters and warm-Jupiters are thought to have migrated to their current orbits during or following their formation. C) A comet's tail never points perpendicular to its motion. C) some come from the Moon and Mars, as well as the asteroid belt. e. PF5\mathrm{PF}_5PF5 [28][68] After that, the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90% of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000years. [71] Migration is caused by the interaction of the planet sitting in the gap with the remaining disk. [61] Such a region will eventually evolve into an asteroid belt, which is a full analog of the asteroid belt in the Solar System, located from 2 to 4AU from the Sun.[61][65]. E) reverses its direction of rotation. C) asteroids in the main belt As the denser regions pulled in more and more matter, conservation of momentum caused it to begin rotating, while increasing pressure caused it to heat up. The Laplacian nebular model was widely accepted during the 19th century, but it had some rather pronounced difficulties. Jupiter can be considered a clue, too massive to tilt by outside forces. The Solar System that we live in consists of a medium-size star (the Sun) with eight planets orbiting it. C) among the orbits of the terrestrial planets E) a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. The tail of a comet always points What is the primary reason that astronomers suspect that some jovian moons were captured into their current orbits? Another objection was that the Sun possesses less angular momentum (dependent on the total mass, its distribution, and the speed of rotation) than the theory seemed to require. Some Properties of the solar nebula : - counterclockwise rotation while condensing - the condensing nebula flattened out around the ecliptic ( the plane of the sun's equator) - the nebulas are formed as concentric rings (circle) Similar properties in planets : - all planets orbit the sun in counterclockwise direction Some of these irregularities have to do with the existence of hot Jupiters that orbit closely to their stars with periods of just a few days. In the area closer to the sun, where temperatures were higher, condensation of matter occurred which led to the formation of telluric planets, terrestrial or interior. B) they contain pristine material from the solar nebula. All planets lie in orbits close to the ________ plane. I feel like its a lifeline. D) a micrometeorite impact. A) are like the planets, fairly circular and in the ecliptic plane. B) comet nuclei B) faster due to an increase in angular momentum. I. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. [2] Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to 30MEarth in a few million years. Did our Solar System Start with a Little Bang? As the cloud spun more rapidly, it threw off material that eventually condensed to form the planets. A) orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector. Currently the best theory is the Nebular Theory . [71], Giant planets can significantly influence terrestrial planet formation. A) Planetary density increases with increasing distance from the Sun. E) where the comet came from. The evolutionary hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that gradual and natural changes caused the formation of our solar system. D) faster due to conservation of angular momentum. Many of the Jupiter-sized planets have eccentric orbits which may indicate that gravitational encounters occurred between the planets, although migration while in resonance can also excite eccentricities. d. Venus Pluto's orbit has a lower inclination to the ecliptic than any planet or dwarf planet, One characteristic of the terrestrial planets is their extensive moon systems, All the planet's orbits are evenly spaced, All the planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction, except for Venus and Uranus. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The shells would lead to a more frequent 2nd generation of massive stars with a lifetime of 10-100 million years or so. Researchers estimate that there is more total mass in the Kuiper Belt than in the asteroid bel, Some meteorites are believed to have come from Mars and the Moon, As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster. For several decades most astronomers preferred the so-called collision theory, in which the planets were considered to have been formed as a result of a close approach to the Sun by some other star. E) a large meteorite impact. Various simulations have also demonstrated that the accretion of material in these discs leads to the formation of a few Earth-sized bodies. B) toward Earth and never varies. d. both A and B are correct According to the nebular hypothesis, part of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas underwent gravitational collapse to form a primeval solar nebula. George H. A. Cole (2013). In some cases, we have seen extrasolar planets pass in front of their stars. A) detecting the oxygen in their atmospheres spectroscopically. 9) The Kuiper Belt is found where in the solar system? counter clockwise. While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe, and has been used to explain the formation of many of the exoplanets that have been discovered throughout our galaxy. [19] It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. Immanuel Kant, who was familiar with Swedenborgs work, developed the theory further and published it in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens(1755). lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. E) Saturn has the same density as water. Just when we think we have a satisfactory explanation, there remain those troublesome issues it just cant account for. b. by star infall or radiation pressure flow outwards, before they are finished. A body in orbit about a planet is a ________. A number of possible mechanisms for this migration have been proposed. 38) The jovian planets According to this theory, the Sun and all the planets of our Solar System began as a giant cloud of molecular gas and dust. E) older. The disturbance could be, for example, the shock wave from a nearby supernova. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 D) between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter E) a flattened belt of cometary nuclei just beyond the orbit of Neptune. Astronomy Cast also has an episode on the subject Episode 12: Where do Baby Stars Come From? C) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. They are smaller and composed mainly of metals and rocks. The ________ planets are large bodies in the outer solar system with compositions like the Sun's. B) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid. The masses of the original planets (see protoplanet) were assumed to be larger than in the earlier version of the theory, and the apparent discrepancy in angular momentum was attributed to magnetic forces connecting the Sun and planets. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. As we learn more about neighboring star systems and explore more of the cosmos, our models are likely to mature further. Objects in the Kuiper belt , a geographic information system (gis) can integrate maps and database data with queries. Type I or Type II migration could smoothly decrease the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit resulting in a warm- or hot-Jupiter. E) are in random orbits at all inclinations to the ecliptic. Clumps of interstellar matter left behind in the midplane of the solar disk as it contracted toward its centre gradually coalesced, through a process of, the solar nebula model of Kant and Laplace appears basically correct. B) moving closer to the Sun. Updates? d. closer on average to the Sun than is the Earth According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets C) a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. B) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. [77], The amount of gas a super-Earth that formed in situ acquires may depend on when the planetary embryos merged due to giant impacts relative to the dissipation of the gas disk. B) Comet Halley. d. located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. [68] The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. I highly recommend you use this site! Which of the following statements is most likely to have been true about these first-generation star systems? D) the surface of Mars If the mergers happen after the gas disk dissipates terrestrial planets can form, if in a transition disk a super-Earth with a gas envelope containing a few percent of its mass may form. What are Nebulae? As the sun collapsed to form, gas and dust particles in the nebula collided and slowly migrated toward the plane of rotation of the nebula. e. size divided by weight. In Nebular Theory, the Sun originated in a Nebula. D) the asteroid belt. d. cout << "! b.tensional forces 15 According to the nebular hypothesis for the Earth's solar system formation, heavier materials that remained closer to the Sun's initial formation continued to orbit the newly ignited Sun and. B) meteoroids Why do we expect other solar systems to be common? lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful. This causes increased gravitational attraction which in turn causes more matter to come together and vice versa. C) Ida. B) mass per unit volume. Episode 12: Where do Baby Stars Come From. A) comets [64] The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. Gravitational scattering by other planets onto eccentric orbits with a perihelion near the star followed by the circularization of its orbit due to tidal interactions with the star can leave a planet on a close orbit. Clumps of interstellar matter left behind in the midplane of the solar disk as it contracted toward its centre gradually coalesced, through a process of Read More solar system This diagram represents the solar nebula early in its history and shows the location of the frost line.

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