'Thank you for protecting our Capitol': Biden honors Jan. 6 riot responders. The act provided for lesser awards, such as the Silver Star, thus giving a higher precedence to the Medal of Honor. Many officers were beaten and injured that day as the violent mob of then-President Donald Trumps supporters pushed past them to break into the Capitol and interrupt the certification of Bidens victory. Were a kin. NEW BREMEN - Niles Harris found himself among the few surviving members of the U.S. Army 173rd Airborne Brigade on Nov. 8, 1965, in Vietnam. Captain Davis and his company of local volunteers took refuge on a small hill, and spent the next 10 hours holding off waves of attackers, some getting close enough that he killed one with the butt of his M-16. Last week, the Metropolitan Police announced that two more of their officers who had responded to the riot had died by suicide. Two police officers died by suicide in the days that immediately followed, and a third officer, Capitol Police Officer Brian Sicknick, collapsed and died after engaging with the protesters. Through education, leadership, and inspiring spaces for learning and reflection, the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation preserves and expands the impact of the 3,515 award recipients and the more than 40 million Americans who have served in the U.S. Armed Forces since the Civil War. Niles Harris, who served in the 173rd Airborne Brigade, was honored Monday morni. A deep love of country and a desire to always do what is right. Jon Simkins is a writer and editor for Military Times, and a USMC veteran. "Lauren is such a dynamic player who can really score . Said goodbye to his mamma as he left South Dakota to fight for the Red, White, and Blue. My fellow Americans, lets remember what this was all about," Biden said of the siege. Then the demolitions specialist. Ultimately, Pitsenbarger's sacrifice for men he had never met was finally recognized on Dec. 8, 2000, at a ceremony at the U.S. Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio, where his parents were . And when youre sitting in a restaurant and theres a 60-year-old man sobbing in front of you it took a lot of guts for them to do that.. Vanessa Serna For Dailymail.Com The embattled mining city has been bombarded by Russian troops attempting to take over - as Ukrainian soldiers attempt to keep Bakhmut under their reigns. On November 8th, 1965, the 173rd Airborne Brigade on Operation Hump, War Zone D in Vietnam, were ambushed by over 1,200 V.C. Etched within are the very values that each Recipient displayed in the moments that matteredbravery, courage, sacrifice, integrity. If they all sign off, Mr. Davis, now 81, may finally be recognized. As they carried his brothers away 945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130info@nationalww2museum.org Paris Davis, center, gave a tour of his camp in South Vietnam to the commander of U.S. forces there, Gen. William Westmoreland, left. Those individual accounts in Robinsons film, which takes place primarily in 1999 (with occasional flashbacks to 1966), are portrayed by Pitsenbargers fictionalized best friend and fellow PJ, Master Sgt. The director first got the idea to structure the feature film around the post-war bureaucratic struggle following a series of interviews with surviving veterans that were featured in a short documentary on the same topic. Veteran returns to New Bremen. One of Andrew's last messages to an unidentified friend showed a photo of him with a sledgehammer and a cigarette hanging out of his mouth. (Air Force). He recalled that, as his commander had warned, not all of the men liked taking orders from a Black officer. Despite several confirmations, theUS Department of State declined identifying Andrews as the solider who died last month. On the 8th of November, the angels were crying as they carried his brothers away. Said goodbye to his mamma as he left South Dakota to fight for the Red, White, and Blue. Its a story of loss and regret, and examining that on a personal level over and over again, Robinson told Military Times. Sgt. Airman First Class William "Pits" Pitsenbarger was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously after he sacrificed himself to save numerous wounded soldiers. Thomas Tulley (William Hurt), his parents (Christopher Plummer and Diane Ladd), and other surviving veterans of the battle played by Samuel L. Jackson, Peter Fonda, and Ed Harris. Weve got to make this a better world. And the sergeant said, Look up ahead After quitting school in the 7th grade to help support his family, Spurrier tried his hand at farming before finding a job at a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in Bluefield, West Virginia. In the segregated forces that served in World Wars I and II, no Black soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor, despite clear examples of selfless heroism. 'Out of respect for the familys privacy during this difficult time, we have nothing further to add.'. I couldnt think of a thing., A Black Soldiers Heroism, Overlooked in 1965, May Finally Be Lauded in 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/us/paris-davis-medal-of-honor.html. This new version of the Medal became the now-iconic star surrounded by a green laurel, suspended from a pale blue ribbon with 13 white stars, and a bar bearing the word VALOR. Birth: St. Marys County, Md. Place and date: At New Market Heights, Va., September 29, 1864. All recommendations require thorough reports on the act itself, the battlefield and its setting; at least two sworn eyewitness statements; and any other compelling evidence that can be gathered. The most significant changes allowed officers to receive the medal, applied new standards which meant the medal could not be awarded for simple discharge of duty but had to be for significant acts above and beyond those of others, and the recommendation had to have eyewitness testimony and could not be self-recommended. Vanessa Serna For Dailymail.Com, Ukrainian soldiers attempt to keep Bakhmut under their reigns. In December 1861, a bill was passed in the Senate to authorize the production and awarding of medals of honor in an effort to promote the efficiency of the Navy. This first Medal could be awarded to enlisted sailors and Marines only. In a ceremony to send the bill to the president, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said Wednesday that Jan. 6 was a moment, a day of extraordinary tragedy for our country and praised the Capitol Police for their bravery and patriotism. First he brought in the weapons specialist. On the 8th of November the angels were crying Captain Davis and the teams master sergeant, a Texan named Billy Waugh, stormed into the enemy commanders hut and killed him at close range, according to witness statements and Army records. The US-Australian objective was to drive out Viet Cong (VC) unit who had taken up positions on several key hills in War Zone D in an area about 17.5 miles (28.2 km) north of Bien Hoa.The U.S. 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment (1/503rd), 173rd . While fighting in the Vietnam War in 1965, Mr. Davis performed a stunning series of heroic acts during an 18-hour battle, including dragging three wounded men to safety after he had been shot five times. But the Army somehow lost the nomination. Our interactive database contains every Medal of Honor recipient since its initial inception in 1861. One of those is the Unknown Soldier who rests in the Tomb of the Unknown at Arlington Cemetery. Comrades repeatedly told the Army that Capt. Kampina Airborne: Airborne Evaders of the Kampina Forest! Klobuchar said children of the future will be able to walk by and see the medals in the Smithsonian, and their parents will tell them, This happened, this attack happened.. Douglas Hurley and Robert Behnken were awarded the medals . TheMedal of Honor (MOH) is our nations highest military award for valor. Airman First Class William H. Pitsenbarger, Valor Friday: Pararescue airman received Medal of Honor for saving soldiers, refusing to leave firefight, Kansas man upset he cant buy mini Toyotas like the Taliban and ISIS, Interior designers remodel Jack Teixeiras camo bedroom monstrosity, Drop and give me a Guinness World Record! Forty-eight American soldiers lost their lives. In World War II, many men went above and beyond the call of duty. On the edge of the paddy, the teams weapons specialist was knocked out by a mortar blast, and the medic was shot through the head. As the June 18 raid began, he and three other Special Forces soldiers crept silently through the jungle before the sun was up, leading a file of South Vietnamese troops to strike an enemy camp. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. The special forces soldier that the song "The 8th of November" is based. 'He was super passionate about helping people he believed to be oppressed, or anyone for that matter. 'If I am martyred, remember me with my hammer,' he wrote in the text. When a recovery team reached his body, they found the deceased 21-year-old still clutching a med kit in one hand and a rifle in the other. The circumstances that lead to their deaths are unknown. He had earned several rewards, including the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal and National Defense Service Medal. Liljenquist Family collection. The Medal of Honor is the nation's highest medal for valor in combat that can be awarded to members of the armed forces. Salvatore Giunta Awarded the Medal of Honor on Nov. 16, 2010 VISIT SITE Pits would be posthumously awarded the Air Force Cross for his efforts during Operation Abilene, kicking off a 30-plus-year push to upgrade the award by those who either served alongside Pitsenbarger or were saved by him. President Joe Biden awards the Medal of Honor to retired Army Col. Paris Davis for his heroism during the Vietnam War, in the East Room of the White House, Friday, March 3, 2023, in Washington. Earl Plumlee for his actions in Afghanistan on Aug. 28, 2013, during an event in the East Room of the White House, Thursday, Dec . Serving on board the U.S.S. agent. But nothing happened. Previous recipients include George Washington, Winston Churchill, Bob Hope and Robert Frost. Harris's infantry group was ambushed by 1,200 Vietcong soldiers who had deployed mines . He was promoted to corporal five months later, on July 25, and to sergeant two months after that, on September 10. To which his friend responded, 'Your hammer will live on forever. They are gone, but they shall not be forgotten. A US Marine veteran was killed in Ukraine while evacuating civilians from the war-ridden city of Bakhmut last month. Without democracy, nothing is possible. Between 1861 and 1918, requirements for awarding the Medal of Honor and who could receive it gradually changed. In 1969, a hearing determined that no record of the original nomination could be found and directed the Army to resubmit it. Capt. Imus interviews Niles Harris. They too had been denied the honor during the war. With the fire raining down and the hell all around 1965. Clinton Hedrick enlisted in the US Army in September 1940 in Columbus, Ohio, before Americas entry into the war. Despite his contract ending with the group in March, Andrews decided to stay behind, his mom told the news outlet. Isaac Smith became trapped in a rebel ambush. On August 23, 1945, high-ranking military officials and civilians gathered at the White House to watch President Harry Truman bestow the Medal of Honor among 28 veterans who served with valor during World War II. Airman First Class William H. Pitsenbarger, played in the film by Jeremy Irvine, was assigned to the 38th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron on April 11, 1966, when a call for a medevac came in to assist soldiers from the Armys 1st Infantry Division positioned near Cam My, Republic of Vietnam. Walkers Medal was rescinded due to her civilian status (it was reinstated in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter, making Walker the only female recipient). Biden thanked the officers for saving the lives of members of Congress during those tragic hours of the attack. Certain that he was as good as dead, he began fighting without fear of consequence, pulling his M-16 trigger with his pinkie, sprinting repeatedly into open ground to rescue teammates, and refusing to leave the fight, even after being shot several times. Severely wounded, and risking his own life, Lawrence Joel, a medic, was the first living black man since the Spanish-American War to receive the United States Medal of Honor for saving so many lives in the midst of battle that day. 05:02 BST 02 May 2023 They fought for their lives but most of them died in the 173rd Airborne, Now hes 58 and his pony tails gray The retired soldier agreed, and as a result, the group traveled with a documentary crew composed of . The Medal is authorized for any military service member who distinguishes himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Their citations are full of heroics and sacrifice. WWII veteran recalls a touching experience during the Battle of the Bulge and discovers the crucifix that changed his life forever. The Medal of Honor is the United States' highest award for military valor in action. [2], Over seven years later, on February 18, 1874, he was issued the Medal of Honor for "[g]allantry in the assault" at Chaffin's Farm. A small gesture to show gratitude and respect for America's Vietnam vets. James H. Harris (1828 January 28, 1898) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. . Ultimately, Pitsenbargers sacrifice for men he had never met was finally recognized on Dec. 8, 2000, at a ceremony at the U.S. Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio, where his parents were presented the Medal of Honor on his behalf. A Documentary about the 8 th of November. Etched within are the very values that each Recipient displayed in the moments that matteredbravery, courage, sacrifice, integrity. An exhibit honoring the service of the Soldiers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade was unveiled May 19 at the Airborne and Special Operations Museum on Bragg Boulevard.The exhibit, called 173rd Sky . Knowing that Captain Daviss heroism easily cleared the bar for the Medal of Honor, his commander, Maj. Billy J. Cole, immediately submitted his name. The initial attack stalled at the abatis, but when a renewed effort began, Harris and two other men of the 38th USCT, Private William H. Barnes and Sergeant Edward Ratcliff, ran at the head of the assault. He limps when he walks, but hes strong when he talks bout the shrapnel they left in his leg. Anyone can read what you share. 504-528-1944, Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, Medal of Honor: Robert D. Booker, Private, US Army, Recognition after a Long Wait: Staff Sergeant Ruben Rivers Medal of Honor, Honor Deferred: Black Veterans and the Medal of Honor, Jefferson Joseph DeBlancs Medal of Honor, Medal of Honor: Joseph J. Foss, Captain, US Marine Corps (Brigadier General, South Dakota National Guard), From Oahu to Guadalcanal: Major Charles Willis Daviss Medal of Honor, Character Development Program: In-Person Training with the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, Technician Lewis Hall and Sergeant William Fournier. Copyright 2023 the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation. . I was privileged to sit there and not only experience that, but also witness their emotion, which was intensely deep and sad. The Medal of Honor Foundation sponsored the first Medal of Honor Values poll. Civil War US Army Medal of Honor awarded to Captain Jeremiah Plumer of Co. F, 27th Maine Infantry Regiment. Niles Harris' Story. In the early months of the American Civil War, the US military had no valor awards which could be given to soldiers or sailors distinguishing themselves in combat. He puts on a grey suit over his Airborne tattoo and he ties it on one time a year The Medal was awarded among all ranks and ratesfrom Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright at the top all the way down to 18 year old Private Joseph Merrell. Paris Davis, one of the first Black officers in the Special Forces, deserved the Medal of Honor. [3] Harris died at the approximate age of 69 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia. Army Special Ops Command welcomes first female command sergeant major. They eventually came to believe the Armys inaction had nothing to do with what the captain had done in 1965, and everything to do with who he was: One of the first Black officers in the Special Forces. At the helm of the films battle is up-and-coming Pentagon staffer Scott Huffman (Sebastian Stan), who reluctantly takes on the task of investigating the circumstances of that hellish day. They pieced together tattered newspaper clippings, yellowed Army files and firsthand accounts, and got their work into the hands of high-ranking Pentagon officials who moved the award forward. 1965 With the smell of napalm in the air By Federal Statute, recommendations for the Medal must be submitted within 3 years of the valorous act and the Medal must be presented within 5 years. scholarship at Southern University in Louisiana, played football and was named an All-American at halfback. Born in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1913, William Fournier was raised in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. Medals of Honor are awarded sparingly and are bestowed only to the bravest of the brave; and that courage must be well documented. The National WWII Museum honors veterans with the ongoingMedal of Honor Seriesprofiling individuals that went above and beyond the call of duty in every theater of the war. Old Glory Honor Flight; Contact Me; Lyrics . The marine vet was in war-torn country working with the Foreign Legion, a group dedicated to helping Ukrainian troops. In 2014, President Barack Obama presented the Medal to the Valor 24, individuals who had been denied based on race or religion. However, prior to World War I, the MOH was awarded much more frequentlynearly 3,000 times. The Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bomber of World War II. He sure as hell deserves it now.. The other night, I tried to write down the things Im a victim of. Steeped with symbolism, the Medal of Honor was thoughtfully designed to portray the very values its Recipients displayed. The medals will be placed in four locations Capitol Police headquarters, the Metropolitan Police Department, the U.S. Capitol and the Smithsonian Institution. Im so sad that it took a tragedy of this nature for the recognition to be given to them, Pelosi said. The Medal of Honor Foundation sponsored the first Medal of Honor Values poll. The Medal of Honor, created during Lincoln's presidency, is our country's highest military award, recognizing gallantry above and beyond the call of duty. Now 91, Mr. Waugh declined to be interviewed for this article, saying his memory was failing. Our interactive database contains every Medal of Honor recipient since its initial inception in 1861. Reinforcements arrived and found Captain Davis wounded and covered in blood. The Army kept losing the paperwork. Col. Paris Davis, who retired from the U.S. Army Special Forces, photographed this month in Alexandria, Va. Are walking blood banks coming to a field hospital near you? He was African American. And swallows it down with tears, Saw the eagle fly through a clear blue sky Major Cole, who died in 2003, grew so frustrated that in later years he wondered aloud if the obstacle might be race, according to his daughter, Carol Cole, who helped him write a memoir. A sniper bullet shattered the knee of Master Sergeant Waugh, and two more splintered his foot. Then the only medic. Of those, seven were World War II veterans. Pitsenbarger unhesitatingly climbed into the rescue hoist, soaring through the air from over 100 feet above the jungle floor before being lowered to the ground and getting to work. The resulting report will then go up the chain to the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of Defense and finally President Biden. His body hasn't been recovered as the ongoing battle continues in the Eastern city. After reviewing every Medal awarded until 1916, the review board decided to rescind 911 Medals, including the only one awarded to a womanCivil War Assistant Surgeon Mary Walker. READ MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENT STORIES OF HEROISM, BRAVERY, AND VALOR IN ACTION. Robert D. Booker was born on July 11, 1920, in Callaway, Nebraska, where he joined the US Army in June 1942. By "It was a violent attempt to overturn the will of the American people, to seek power at all costs, to replace the ballot with brute force. , updated Cadets push to win prize, Former NFLer, Ranger draws comparisons between NFL, military training, All the Light We Cannot See trailer wows without a word, A Call of Duty board game is coming in 2024, US report shows China taking steps toward space dominance, Biden to allow Afghans to stay longer in US, sources say, Michigan expands absentee voting for military members, Some companies charge hefty fees to help vets with disability claims, USS George Washington returning to Japan next year, Your next tech and incoming AI | Defense News Weekly Full Episode 4.28.2023, Home Improvement Loans What are my options? Americans like Charles Willis Davis discovered, though, under the most extreme circumstances, that they possessed incredible courage and ability. And he ties it on one time a year He lived with his parents and five siblings in Virginias Appalachian Mountains, where many families suffered from poverty. the first living African American to receive the Medal of Honor since the Spanish-American War of 1898 . 1965, the 8th of November. Just doing what he had to do It was a phenomenal experience listening to these men, in some cases for the first time, recount what happened to them, Robinson said. After the Army, Mr. Davis started a small newspaper in Virginia called The Metro Herald, for 30 years regularly publishing articles about the accomplishments of Black residents and local civil rights issues. The Medal has a long history, and took many years to become the award held in such high regard as it is today. I use this term a lot: Life suddens upon you, it just suddens upon you, he said. The standards to award the Medal of Honor have evolved over time, but the Medal has always stood for actions that go above and beyond. The National WWII Museum. Medal of Honor awarded to US Army Staff Sergeant Walter Ehlers for action in Normandy June 9-10, 1944. He downplayed the significance of all this stuff, medals and all that, adding, People need to keep on keepin on, he said. [1], At the Battle of Chaffin's Farm, on September 29, 1864, Harris' regiment was among a division of black troops assigned to attack the center of the Confederate defenses at New Market Heights. Vice President Kamala Harris on Tuesday presented the Congressional Space Medal of Honor to two former NASA astronauts at the White House. The act also laid out an important requirement for the Medal: the President is authorized to present, in the name of the Congress, a medal of honor only to each person who, while an officer or enlisted man of the Army, shall hereafter, in action involving actual conflict with an enemy, distinguish himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.Thus, the Medal of Honor is sometimes referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor. Under the cover of friendly fire, he lurched again into the open, grabbed the wounded medic and started crawling back. Use the search bar to filter and sort the database by first name, last name, service branch, and conflict. Captain Winters Command Post in Bastogne, The hidden symbols on the WWII memorial at the former Temporary US Cemetery in Bastogne, Frank Amalfetano, US Navy-Landing Craft Tank 287-Gold Beach, Richard Fazzio- US Navy Coxswain- First wave Omaha Beach, Band of Brothers Actors Reunion 2016 Photo Gallery, 64 years later: 101st Vet got to eat the meal that was stolen at Bastogne, 92 years old WWII veteran Pee Wee Martin runs Mount Currahee, Vietnam USMC Veteran, Actor and Military Advisor Dale Dye Radio Interview, Complete CBS Broadcast D-Day- June 6 1944, The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat: Reality and Myth- By Earl J. Hess. Born in the Appalachian Mountains on May 1, 1918, in Cherry Grove, West Virginia, T/Sgt. And remembers that fallen as he orders a tall one Comrades repeatedly told the Army that Capt. That word "gallantry" it's . Then he ran to get the master sergeant, but was shot through the leg and had to retreat. [1], Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company B, 38th U.S. While engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States; While engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or, While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party. Capitol Police Officer Harry Dunn said a large group of people shouted the N-word at him as he was trying to keep them from breaching the House chamber. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Three years later, President Clinton presented 22 Japanese American veterans with the Medal of Honor. But far too many of our nations heroes of the highest order are all but forgotten to anyone other than their familiesmen such as Cleto Rodriguez, Richard McCool, and Nicholas Minue. The United States would eventually send thousands of troops to try to hold that province, but in early 1965, Captain Daviss team numbered just 12. Thorne said the loss or destruction of Medal of Honor paperwork is "very uncommon," adding that "there would've been multiple copies." In 1969, the Army was ordered to submit new paperwork "ASAP . The Congressional Gold Medal has been handed out by the legislative branch since 1776. Morris was born in Okmulgee, Oklahoma, on January 7, 1942.In 1959 Morris joined the Oklahoma Army National Guard and soon after joined the active duty United States Army.. About the shrapnel they left in his leg Just doing what he had to do In a series of tweets posted by journalistJake Hanrahan,Andrews was seen smiling with his friends and geared up in his military uniform. Watch the trailer below. Morris E. Crain was born on October 7, 1924, in Bandana, Kentucky, on the very western edge of the state. ANN ARBOR, Mich.-- J. Ira and Nicki Harris Family Head Women's Basketball Coach Kim Barnes Arico announced on Thursday (April 27) the addition of Lauren Hansen as a graduate transfer to the 2023-24 University of Michigan women's basketball team. Notice: Only variables should be passed by reference in /customers/a/b/4/worldwarmedia.com/httpd.www/wp-content/themes/barcelona/option-tree/ot-loader.php on line 98 Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. Caught in the action of kill or be killed, greater love hath no man than to lay down his life for his brother. To fight for the red, white, and blue The goal is to represent every Medal of Honor recipient from World War II. The cause was picked up in 2014 by a group of veterans and volunteers who specialize in winning recognition for overlooked Special Forces soldiers. It was June 18, 1965, and according to after-action reports, 26-year-old Captain Davis was suddenly the last American standing with a ragtag company of 90 South Vietnamese volunteers, pinned down by hundreds of enemy troops. Heroism on the battlefield often goes unrecognized for generations, as it did for Staff Sergeant Ruben Rivers. The National WWII Museum. When Captain Davis took command of a Special Forces team in 1965, he was a tough but thoughtful college graduate with soft-spoken Midwestern humility, his fellow soldiers said. Soldiers forget race when they are fighting together, Captain Davis said in a 1969 television interview. 'I miss him amongst the others. This article about a person of the American Civil War is a stub. Since the end of World War II, over two dozen Medals have been awarded to men who were denied the Medal during the war due to their race, ethnicity, or religion. Said goodbye to his momma as he left South Dakota The Medal of Honor is the United States' highest award for military valor in action. 'Humanity's hope lie's I'm Kharkov, the city must survive. The new design for the medal was done by a recipient from the Civil War, General George Gillespie. Acting Secretary of Defense Christopher C. Miller personally ordered an expedited review of the lost nomination, to be completed by March. Over generations, there are examples of the military struggling with bias when it came to recognizing valor. United States Colored Troops Memorial Statue, 38th Regiment United States Colored Troops, List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: GL, List of African American Medal of Honor recipients, "Civil War Medal of Honor recipients - (A-L)", United States Army Center of Military History, List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials, List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic, Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol, List of Confederate monuments and memorials, Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials.

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