Available at: https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703562, UNEP-WCMC (2023) Protected Area Profile for Sudochye-Akpetki State Wildlife Sanctuary from the World Database on Protected Areas. So, policymakers and scientists must collaborate to ensure that only native plant and tree species are used for afforestation, if the intervention is to count as a NbS. Researchers have estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on Earth, with a few studies predicting that there may be more than 100 million species on Earth. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10126, Nelson DR, Bledsoe BP, Ferreira S, Nibbelink NP (2020) Challenges to realizing the potential of nature-based solutions. Not included are gray wolves, grizzly bears and other wildlife not at risk of global extinction. Here, we systematically review the application of nature-based solutions in rural drylands around the world with all four types of aridity indices defined by the United Nations: dry sub-humid, semi-arid, arid and hyper arid areas (see Fig. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. The focal case study areathe Aral Seaprimarily transitioned from one of the largest inland water bodies in the world into a sandy desert over the course of several decades, still contains the small remnant southern Aral Sea, the existence of which remains under threat due to the absence of water inflow and high evaporation rates. The language used for the non-systematic literature review was English only (as the Russian language does not distinguish and define NbS specifically). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), globally about one third of all known species are threatened with extinction. Rangelands in the Aral Sea basin represent not just significant economic and environmental value to local stakeholders, but also cultural values (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). LESNOY ZHURNAL-FORESTRY JOURNAL, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-2-51-59, Bekele T, Haile Y (2021) Intensification of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions through wetland conservation: the case of Ethiopian freshwater wetlands. That work is critical, because scientists say humans are speeding extinction at a disastrous pace. Adaptive management, community awareness raising on functions of ecosystems and natural resources in general and their involvement in the planning and implementation processes are highly likely to increase the success of NbS interventions (Belle, Collins, & Jordaan, 2018). 2006, Hooper et al. 3). Governance challenges in terms of cooperation among various agencies to effectively conduct research and development, and subsequent monitoring of interventions implemented. For instance, some diseases kill only one kind of tree. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.996283, Djoudi H, Brockhaus M, Locatelli B (2013) Once there was a lake: Vulnerability to environmental changes in northern Mali. Forests provide homes for animals. These two seemingly similar ecosystems have a lot of differences that make them both special. 184. As a result, the same areas of land are sown several times over a number of years to increase the vegetation cover. Qi L, Yao Y, English DE, Ma R, Luft J, Hu C (2021) Remote sensing of brine shrimp cysts in salt lakes. Which part of the immune system immediately responds to infection or injury? On a much smaller scale, one can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. Many conservationists emphasize that the places with the most imperiled species arent the only important ones to safeguard. Evidence is growing that insects are in decline, but each of us can take steps to help. This article addresses the climate and biodiversity of one of Earth's most diverse and iconic biomes: the tropical . However, within the dried-out Aral Seabed, there are different types of soils, some of which are not suitable for afforestation due to the high salt and sand contents (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. (2020b) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5123920, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands. A Certified Wildlife Habitat provides food, shelter, water, and a place for native wildlife to raise youngthe essential elements of habitat that wildlife need to survive. . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310, Cohen-Shacham E, Andrade A, Dalton J, Dudley N, Jones M, Kumar C, Walters G (2019) Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions. Parks 27:712. At the highest level, one can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. As in the case above, the search results covered both English and Russian languages. Biodiversity allows for ecosystems to adjust to disturbances like fires and floods. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2935, Girardin CA, Jenkins S, Seddon N, Allen M, Lewis SL, Wheeler CE, Malhi Y (2021) Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet - if we act now. We consequently include it as a type of nature-based solution in this review. Which part of the immune system immediately responds to infection or injury? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Rajabov TF, Ismail S, Shaumarov M, Yoshiko K, Li EV (2013a) Uzbekistan: Rehabilitation of desert rangelands affected by salinity, to improve food security, combat desertification and maintain the natural resource base. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. Philosop Transac R SOC B-Biol Sci 375. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0121, Schachtsiek T, Lamers JP, Khamzina A (2014) Early Survival and Growth of Six Afforestation Species on Abandoned Cropping Sites in Irrigated Drylands of the Aral Sea Basin. Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world, Inspire a lifelong connection with wildlife and wild places through our children's publications, products, and activities, National Wildlife Federation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The health of grasslands all over Central Asia has been severely compromised by anthropogenic activities and climate change over the past several decades (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019). Conservation efforts are necessary to preserve biodiversity and protect endangered species and their habitats. Fungi helpdecomposeorganisms tofertilizethe soil. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Imperiled species are supposed to be, but that can be tricky depending on what the land is used for. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.03.001, An J, Chang H, Han SH, Khamzina A, Son Y (2020) Changes in basic soil properties and enzyme activities along an afforestation series on the dry Aral Sea Bed, Kazakhstan. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.015, Bakirov NJ, Khamzaev AK, Novitskiy, ZB (2020) FOREST PLANTATIONS ON THE DRAINED BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA. According to Walter Jetz, an ecologist who leads Yale Universitys biodiversity mapping efforts, its essential that policymakers make data-driven decisions about which areas to protect. The most diverse group of animals are invertebrates. Ecosystems can also contain species too small to see with the naked eye. The desiccation and subsequent almost complete loss of the Aral Sea, once the worlds fourth largest inland water body (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), having had far-reaching social, economic and ecological implications in all countries of Central Asia aggravated the situation even more. Also, considering the ever-ongoing shortage of water resources and degradation of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin, there is a question of sustainability and cost-efficiency of the results achieved for almost three decades now. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12790, Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea. In areas with lots of biodiversity, insects and other creatures pollinate plants naturally. World of Biology. (2013), fluctuations in the water table of wetlands can kill roe that fish lay on the shores with the already shallow water table. Besides, wetlands perform multiple other ecosystem services such as disaster risk reduction (e.g., they can function as fire breaks), enhancement of food security, and biodiversity conservation (Belle, Collins, & Jordaan, 2018). If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Deforestation is a major threat . The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), there is an ongoing drastic shrinkage of water bodies in Karakalpakstan leading to the loss of invaluable ecosystem services they provide. https://aral.uz/en/creation-of-small-local-water-bodies-in-the-delta-of-amudarya/, Agol D, Reid H, Crick F, Wendo, H (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation in Lake Victoria Basin; synergies and trade-offs. This single pixel includes seven species, such as Cockerell's bumble bee, White Mountain false pennyroyal and Sacramento Mountains thistle. Extinction is a natural process; some species naturally die out while new speciesevolve. These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the rate of species extinction. Currently we have identified only 1.7 million species, so we have a long way to go before we can come close to figuring out exactly how many species are on Earth. A helpful way to understand genetic diversity is to think about dogs. 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Otherwise you might gain a large percentage of area protected but you have done very little in actually safeguarding species.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Taha FK, Matsuo N, Ismail S, Aralova DB, Radjabov TF (2013b) Integrating agroforestry and pastures for soil salinity management in dryland ecosystems in Aral Sea basin. Publications that did not include nature-based solutions as a specific term, but included the term ecosystem-based approaches were still considered based on the content and relevance to the subject area and the geographic focus. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. rep., Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme of the Secretariat and the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD. To complement the systematic review, a non-systematic review was conducted into widely adopted NbS definitions and criteria for the selected ecosystem types. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00836-4. Springer Netherlands. However, according to the list of activities implemented to restore wetlands, i.e., construction and reconstruction of dams, channels, and outlets, the efforts have been focused on engineering activities. Map source: NatureServe Image sources: Golden-cheeked warbler via U.S. Forest Service; White Mountain false pennyroyal via Robert Sivinski; Escambia map turtle via Jim Godwin; Narrow pigtoe and round ebonyshell mussels via Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Freshwater Mussel Conservation Program, The comments section is closed. An exosystem is the system of ecological interaction of different environments and can be on land and in water. There are not enough insects to pollinate large fields of single crops, so farmers must truck in honeybees to do the job. Powerful PollinatorsBees, birds, and other creatures pollinate 75 percent of the world's major crops. Genetic biodiversity is the variation in genes that exists within a species. The Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, established in 1998 specifically to implement projects of the Aral Sea Basin Programs (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022a), has been undertaking activities on restoring and creating wetlands in the southern Aral Sea region with the financial support of the government of Uzbekistan since 1995 (Agency of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, 2022b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.022, Lw F, Dimov D, Kenjabaev S, Zaitov S, Stulina G, Dukhovny V (2021) Land cover change detection in the Aralkum with multi-source satellite datasets. Further, wetlands nested within larger dryland landscapes are reported to be among the ecosystems most effected by climate change (Parra, et al., 2021), (Williams, 1999), hence are in need of urgent conservation action. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. The final set of publications was analysed thematically as they were grouped into dryland ecosystem types (i.e., rangelands/grasslands, heathland, desert, wetlands) according to the search keywords used. Plants, for instance, help humans by giving off oxygen. Agroforestry is mostly proposed to rehabilitate marginal and salt-affected irrigated lands. https://www.cbd.int/pa/doc/dossiers/uzbekistan-abt11-country-dossier2021.pdf, Chausson A, Turner B, Seddon D, Chabaneix N, Girardin CA, Kapos V, Seddon N (2020) Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. They have been seen as a sustainable tool for the provision of benefits both for the environment and for society, which synergizes conservation efforts. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2013.855958, Schad P (2014) World reference base for soil resources 2014. https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf, Schlter M, Khasankhanova G, Talskikh V, Taryannikova R, Agaltseva N, Joldasova I, Abdullaev U (2013) Enhancing resilience to water flow uncertainty by integrating environmental flows into water management in the Amudarya River, Central Asia. (2020a) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5091575, Di Sacco A, Hardwick KA, Blakesley D, Brancalion PH, Breman E, Cecilio Rebola L, Antonelli A (2021) Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits. ILRI, Nairobi Kenya, 4, IUCN (2016) IUCN Resolutions, Recommendations and other Decisions. Rangeland restoration is largely discussed as a climate mitigation option due to the carbon storage potential of grasslands (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), as well as a means of improved livelihood opportunities for the local pastoralists in degraded areas and a measure to combat desertification and land degradation (Toderich, et al., 2013a). Some of these genes are the same for all individuals within a speciestheyre what make a daisy a daisy and a dog a dog. Despite pressure from housing developments and groundwater depletion, habitat for six imperiled species a warbler, a bat, two salamanders and two plants still exists. Areas with high numbers of endemic species are called biodiversity hotspots. Large-scale afforestation as NbS in the dried-out Aral Sea basin presents opportunities for further research in lieu of absence of documented evidence on the environment, both positive (e.g., the extent of sand transfer reduction) and negative (e.g., impact on groundwater resources). The creatures that survive have fewer breeding partners, so genetic diversity declines.Pollution,overfishing, andoverhunting have also caused a drop in biodiversity. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIBO.en, Parra G, Guerrero F, Armengol J, Brendonck L, Brucet S, Finlayson CM, Zohary T (2021) The future of temporary wetlands in drylands under global change. Uzbekistan currently has three wetlands included in the list of Wetlands of international importance (The Ramsar Convention Seceretariat. This would in turn mean increased vulnerability to droughts, decreased water availability, reduced crop yields and increased disease transmission (e.g., malaria) (Huang, Yu, Dai, Wei, & Kang, 2017), (UNCCD, 2017). In the long term, rehabilitation of degraded rangelands in the Aral Sea basin has a potential to improve livelihood options of local pastoralists. There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. There can be a lot of variation in genesjust think about all the colors, sizes, and shapes that make up the genetic diversity of dogs. Aral Sea surface area change from 1964 through 2018. An additional nested search was performed to expand the general results to the geographic case study region of focus, using the following combinations (TITLE-ABS-KEY) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, English, Russian)): nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia, nature-based AND solutions AND Aral Sea, ecosystem-based AND Aral Sea, rangeland AND Aral Sea, grassland AND Aral Sea, wetland AND Aral Sea. The non-systematic review primarily focused on the grey literature (i.e., the IUCN handbooks and guidance, as well as the UN resolution papers). This single pixel includes six species, such as the tricolored bat, Golden-cheeked warbler and Jollyville Plateau salamander. Sci Total Environ 709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136060, Lioubimtseva E, Henebry GM (2009) Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations. While Earths biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction due to human activities, putting the Earths magnificent biodiversity at risk. Also, NbS are considered amongst those tools with the greatest potential to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021), (Gmez Martn, Giordano, Pagano, van der Keur, & Mez Costa, 2020), which Uzbekistan has committed to achieving by 2030 (The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, 2022). (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), the decline of ecosystem service value in Karakalpakstan (including those of grasslands) was the highest among all researched areas in Central Asia; a trend which seems likely to continue. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. Rivers and streams light up with aquatic biodiversity across the South. According to Schlter et al. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Due to the impact of afforestation on soil carbon both positively and negatively (Seddon, et al., 2020), selection of appropriate sites and species turn out to be a key to success, but most importantly, afforestation should be implemented with the application of native and/or endemic species to avoid introduction of invasive alien species. All these have led to increased levels of soil and water salinity, as well as to the reduction of the water table of desert pastures in the Aral Sea basin (Toderich, et al., 2013b). Forests are cut for lumber and firewood. Arid Land Res Manag 28:410427. The fields, forests, andwetlands where wild plants and animals live are disappearing. As ecosystems become healthier, their biodiversity increases. https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Uzbekistan.pdf?1647505458, The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. Search results included English and Russian languages for both search engines, as a majority of the research performed historically in Central Asia has been reported in the Russian language; results returned in any other languages were excluded (due to linguistic limitations of the research team). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.001, Oberle B, Mackinnon K, Sandwith T (2021) Vital sites: Protected and conserved areas offer solutions for building back better. Areas with extremely high levels of biodiversity are called hotspots. But they are one of the most imperiled wildlife groups in the United States. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The World Conservation Congress (p. 106). Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rainforest species in their search for cures. Right now, about 13 percent of the United States is permanently protected and managed primarily for biodiversity, according to the United States Geological Survey. The researchers cited a variety of approaches, like tax incentives, to encourage the protection of certain species on private land. However, large-scale afforestation in deserts/arid areas without proper planning can lead to massive economic losses and to very low plant survival rates, as some cases around the world (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) demonstrate. Survival and reproduction of Artemia are influenced by a number of factors, among which the most significant is the salinity and water temperature (Marden, et al., 2012), (Qi, et al., 2021), (Aladin, et al., 2018). Shahzoda Alikhanova. They include everything from cleaning water and absorbing chemicals, which wetlands do, to providing oxygen for us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people. Saigachiy complex (landscape) nature reserveFootnote 4 total area; 6283km2, year of designation: 2016. Artemia, which is used as forage for aquatic species, is currently being harvested and represents business opportunities for the local population (Aladin, et al., 2018), (Arashkevich, Sapozhnikov, Soloviov, Kudyshkin, & Zavialov, 2009). The review has not returned specific rangeland rehabilitation methods or success stories in the Aral Sea basin. Our review of nature-based solutions in rural dryland ecosystems returned a limited number of case studies of actual NbS application; particularly those that described specific outcomes and lessons learned, demonstrated success and socio-economic benefits, and sustained results. The Southeastern United States has a high concentration of freshwater mussels, those humble mollusks that help keep streams and rivers clean by filtering water. Check all that apply. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-1KM.en, Marden B, Van Stappen G, Musaev A, Mirabdullayev I, Joldasova I, Sorgeloos P (2012) Assessment of the production potential of an emerging Artemia population in the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan. All sources of publications were considered in the review. Environmental Management (2023). There are millions more species yet to be discovered and named. Environ Sci Policy 41:7788. Land Degrad Dev 29:19251939. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13280, Taillardat P, Thompson BS, Garneau M, Trottier K, Friess DA (2020) Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. Its sometimes assumed that wildlife in national forests is automatically protected. Hip-hop artist calls for cultivating a healthier planet. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-8189-z, Article Encyclopedia of Earth: Biodiversity And theres the star cactus, which resembles a green sand dollar with a bright yellow bloom. They are the places in the lower 48 United States most likely to have plants and animals at high risk of global extinction. Stein, Bruce A., Lynn S. Kutner and Jonathan S. Adams. During dry years these wetlands tend to almost dry out (Schlter, et al., 2013). A groundbreaking bipartisan bill aims to address the looming wildlife crisis before it's too late, while creating sorely needed jobs.

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