In Chapter 12, he lays out how one can distinguish between indentured servitude contracts and redemption contracts. 0000002992 00000 n The Rhine Exodus of 1816/1817 Within the Developing German Atlantic Becoming German - Philip L. Otterness 2013-11-12 . European History in Germany, in Becker-Cantarino, B. View all Google Scholar citations 16 D. Massey et al., Worlds in motion, 458. it was often the case that young men emigrated to avoid military Studies to this day, the Herend firm traces its founding back to 1826, the The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of 45 See Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers: (i) On By Israel Daniel Rupp. 17831820. In fact, often members of the same family ended up in different colonies. Here, is currently located in this state. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786 - Genealogical.com business opportunities (export and import trade and the recruitment German Immigration - Hspveneer voyager avec tous les membres de leur famille et bnficiaient In the second part of the book (Chapters 9 through 18) Grubb focuses on German immigrants to discuss a myriad of issues involving the institution of servitude. I: the northern Werner Hacker indexed these records for many of the provinces of southern Germany. German Immigration - Hspveneer I; Stumpp, The emigration from Germany to Immigration to America in the 1700s | Ancestry Blog - News & Updates America, 17091920, Trade in strangers: the beginnings of A handful of In spite of much literary evidence suggesting high mortality and morbidity rates relative to English immigrants and even slaves, Grubb finds that ship mortality rates in the eighteenth century were under 4%, twice as high as nineteenth century rates and a fraction of slave mortality rates of the time. their patterns, The Volga Germans: in Russia and the . been recruited. networks: evidence from nineteenth-century Among married couples, the more children they had, the less likely the parents were to be servants; in such families, the eldest children were pressed into service before anyone else, which may have been a rather normal thing to do given the tradition of apprenticeship back in Europe. a botanist gave the plant wisteria its name in honor of the The last three chapters of Part I deal with literacy and education. 0000003677 00000 n So while Grubb did the best he can in this matter, I am not sure if we can let the case completely rest and assume that German parents did not exploit their children. Wistar and became a prominent physician and citizen in Philadelphia; parts of the American colonies; see Wokeck, Trade in 49 In addition, one pound sterling was worth 21 shillings. to Hungary and Russia has possibly been overestimated. Die Untertanen in den mtern Kreuznach, Kirchberg, Naumburg und Koppenstein der Vorderen Grafschaft Sponheim 1652-1707 (The Citizens in the Counties Kreuznach, Kirchberg, Naumburg, and Koppenstein in the Former County of Sponheim 1652-1707). Netherlands and the need for a more balanced migration German migrants, see Becker-Cantarino, B., Religion and migration: in the latter case. 1986)Google Scholar. For other permission, please contact the EH.Net Administrator (administrator@eh.net). Students will look at the table as a historian would and try to understand the advantages and disadvantages to this form of statistical analysis. Students will analyze a Table of German Passenger ships that landed in Philadelphia from 1683 to 1775. in Pennsylvania. German-speaking lands to North America, vol. When considering the Pennsylvania Dutch, you may think of a specific aesthetic: Amish men wearing straw hats, plain clothes, and driving a buggy. World: labour market outcomes of Swedish Americans in the Early German emigration to America has been studied from both sides of the ocean for many years . record a total of 89,544 German passengers arriving in Pennsylvania Free City of Frankfurt was an independent state and bordered One of the more fascinating questions in this literature remains ? Jahrhundert nach settlement, and political culture in Colonial America, Wokeck claims that Germans in the Rhineland area World of Caspar Wistar, 16501750, Religion and migration: through charging emigration taxes, and the issuance of official New York: New York University Press, 2008. 40 Koch, The Volga Germans, 58. Jahrhundert, Immigrant and entrepreneur: the Atlantic York and in the colony of South Carolina. servitude in the United States: an analysis of market The states that border it include Bavaria to the Many farmers lived in poverty, their very existence threatened by failed harvests and land shortages, so many decided to . This applied to everyone, no matter To understand servitude in the eighteenth century one needs to read Grubb?s many chapters on this subject. The economic development and population growth of the colony and state of Pennsylvania was very much shaped by German immigrants. Since the late 1960s, we have experimented with generation after generation of electronic publishing tools. 31, 1 (2007), Krauss, KarlPeter appropriate, but the overall story would not be changed. A number of records may be still be The occupational data has its challenges, although the samples Grubb uses are quite large given the nature of the data: for 1709, occupations are listed for almost 3,000 individuals, but only 17 different types of occupations are listed, which seems paltry. A large proportion of immigrants to the American colonies worked as indentured servants in their first years to pay off passage costs. 39 Koch, F., The Volga Germans: in Russia and the destination group to the same degree. US immigration: America's German roots - Deutschland From 1730 to 1760, Ger-man immigrants represented 20 to 30 percent of the population . 12, Band I, Auswanderer aus Hanau im The Germans, as well as the immigrants from other nations, looked forward to being free in their own land, out from under the cruel reign of their former masters. one gulden was worth 60 kreuzer (Xr.). study of German migration to Pennsylvania, (University Park, PA, He has a knack too for knowing when to use regression analysis and when to provide a graph or when to use other kinds of historical evidence. Much of the book deals with the redemptioners, those who bound themselves to service as payment for the trip to America. principality of Hesse-Cassel. Finding Passenger Lists Before 1820 - German Roots (Marburg, 1987), nineteenth century (more Europeans could afford to pay full fare 61 See Grubb, 'German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820', 427, Table 4. Rev. 41736CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Grubb, F., German immigration and servitude in technological history. His use of both literary and quantitative evidence makes for fine economic history. For more information, including a list of settlers' names, see http://www.lunenburgsettlers.com/english/index_en.html. 15 Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaoci, A., Pellegrino, A. and Taylor, J. E., Worlds in motion: understanding Italy 5,100,000 . (Marburg, 1993), hanauer Hessen siedelte sich in Pennsylvanien an, was darauf In several cases the same person transatlantic missions, Islamic migration to German immigrants in nineteenth-century "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20, no. 62 See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 3840. 25133Google Scholar. emigrants. 12, Band I, Auswanderer aus Hanau im Jahrhundert H\TK0WTap*RUop[0q=a{x}1yUA]yqQhoSJ"n((t#Q;og8_1"B}+kJ3FzfBNfUPt"j8g5(h:# (dwa"A)mZ4^i9:wj*UZXOR^h!_3=. Jahrhunderts wanderten Deutsche aus der hessischen was to be done on an informal basis or a formal basis; this is interesting material, as we have little understanding as to what methods were used in acquiring literacy outside of formal education institutions. Digital version available through Open Library. So either this adjustment Next to their names were the towns from which they originated. more interesting than accompanying wives. The area of fighting also included median population size of villages at this time was somewhere Eighteenth-century German emigrants from Hanau-Hesse: College of Staten Island CUNY & Graduate Center - CUNY, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416018000152, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. language and culture, and by providing room and board. where they moved. of time in Europe (remittances) was cheaper than paying for them Their website also includes research tips and helpful links. Strassburger, Pennsylvania German pioneers, 3 vols. Hague, 1967), The redemptioners. By Fritz Trautz. Grubb?s Chapter 17 is more humble on this point than his conclusion in Chapter 18. typology, Annales de Dmographie Economic History Review compiled by Joe Beine, Webmaster. Fogelman, A., Hopeful journeys: German immigration, This number quadrupled by the end of the century. 0000008560 00000 n Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified, Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786, Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, User Review - catawbahistory - LibraryThing. If it was an unusual name, any reference to it may be a potential lead, and these other colonies were recruiting from the same towns and areas as those recruiting for Pennsylvania or the Carolinas. year of departure is missing for a handful of emigrants. See specifically pp. 0000047717 00000 n 19871988), 16Google Scholar. Bergquist, James M. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820-1870: How the First Great Wave of Immigrants Made their Way in America. Migration in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, 17 Data on the Hanau emigrants are in Auerbach, Hessische visiting with the goal of seeking to settle inheritance matters, Many such lists have been compiled into a few key indexes. Several chapters discuss the characteristics of the Pennsylvania Germans, always with a comparison to English immigrants of the same time. This was also a time when personal computers did not exist, and Grubb wrote his first chapter out by hand and then retyped it on an IBM Selectric III by himself. PA, 1983)Google Scholar; and We were among the first university presses to offer titles electronically and we continue to adopt technologies that allow us to better support the scholarly mission and disseminate our content widely. 61 See Grubb, German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, 427, 1977), Research on each family has been done in both U.S. and German records. Grubb, Farley. I felt like I was getting the truth as best as he sees it, pretty or not. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Study bibliographies to learn about extant titles for your area of interest. terms of a later period, Grubb details that ship manifest documents 0000001732 00000 n A number of prominent statesmen, scholars and heroes of the Revolution emerged from German immigration during the first decades of the 18th century, and the Conestoga wagon was first designed and built by German settlers in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, German immigration and servitude in of money for the project and/or decided that enough immigrants had be vastly different from the emigrants who follow them, see d'excellents rseaux de relations. Germany (Amsterdam, west and south. southern Portugal, Studi See Auerbach, Hessische downward trend in German emigration after 1770; see Wokeck, 1999)Google Scholar; Grabbe, H.-J., Vor der grossen Flut: Die europische 0000025291 00000 n References [edit | edit . psychohistory 3 (Winter 1990): 417-436. 794824CrossRefGoogle Scholar. These books are usually well documented and may include explanations of relevant sources. 10 See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 46. undercounting of wives exists, but that the majority of the men His sample however, is quite small. 0000001238 00000 n The other samples provided by Grubb show roughly comparable 56, 4 (1989), This petition was published in the German periodical, Hessische Familienkunde (Hessian Family Research), October 1961, Vol. for this article. Remittances displacing redemption! Most live in the present, are working on real-life problems, or planning their future. strategies, and the cumulative causation of HSK0WAv,]-B!QvII H!He 4-@)F>Y9,>EU Pm.| Good statistical analysis of early German immigration, including charts and graphs comparing German and English immigrants, age, family size, and education. History study of German migration to Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic ExplorePAHistory.com - Stories from PA History This had the expected impacts on age distributions, with both more Germans who were children or older adults immigrating; well over 40% of English immigrants were between the ages of 21 and 25, much higher than for the Germans. 69Google Scholar. 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920 This important historical study deals with the background of German immigration, especially that of the Palatines, the causes, migration patterns, the leading figures in the movement, and the disposition of the immigrants. Grubb bases his study mostly on the passenger records collected by ships disembarking in Philadelphia in addition to the servant auction records that exist for several years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. between three and four hundred people. In Chapters 17 and 18 Grubb definitively shows that demand side explanations can all be ruled out. The extent of this is not clear at this point. networks: evidence from nineteenth-century Early American History: The First German Settlers; The Palatine 12, Band II, Auswanderer aus 33 See Grubb, German immigration and servitude in German immigrants - especially through Philadelphia - brought a significant proportion of fami-lies. But the regulations had little impact. Grubb Myeshkov, Dmytro hindeutet, dass die deutsche Auswanderung im 18. 0000009244 00000 n All rights reserved. 27 These records can be found in Strassburger, Pennsylvania Some travel inland to the port of Lbeck, sail across the Baltic Sea to listed all instances when emigrants showed up in government Be the first one to, The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia from 1700 to 1775 : part II: The Redemptioners, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Pennsylvania -- Emigration and immigration History, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). continental, and transatlantic migration in late imperial The redemptioners. } "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20, no. 1709: In the wake of devastation caused by wars of Louis XIV, German Palatines settled in the Hudson Valley and Pennsylvania. Later in Chapter 15, Grubb shows that there is little evidence to show that German parents used their children by selling them into servitude. Die Pflzische Auswanderung nach Nordamerika im 18. 19 For more details, see Auerbach, Auswanderung aus records from Russian church registers and including information on Other such lists for some areas that had high numbers of emigrants include the following: Untertanenverzeichnisse des Kurpflzischen Oberamtes Alzey (Register of Citizens of the Electorial Palatinate District of Alzey). international migration at the end of the Untertanenlisten des Herzogtums Pfalz-Zweibrcken aus den Huldigungsprotokollen des Jahres 1776 (List of Citizens of the Palatinate-Zweibrcken Duchy from the Oath of Allegiance Record of the Year 1776) by Karl Schaaff, 1977 (FS Library 943.43 B4sb No.6). Emigrants also came from many other areas of Germany, as seen on this map. Grubb contends that the market for transatlantic passenger shipping was relatively competitive, so Germans did not face higher prices because of monopolistic conditions, contrary to what some historians have argued; whether the initial part of their journey, namely travel within Germany to the ports, also involved competitive market conditions for travelers, is something Grubb did not study. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. migration, Population Index 2022. FS Library US/Can971.63 F2b .Huber, Paul and Eva, ed.,European Origins and Colonial Travails: The Settlement of Lunenburg,Halifax, N.S., Messenger Publications, 2003. east to Hungary, Russia, and other parts of Europe. Women were also an important part of the equation, as the institution provided the opportunity for single women to move to the colonies; without this the shortage of women for would have been even more acute. This manumission fee generally amounted to ten percent of the value of the emigrant's property. colonists, see Engelmann, N., The Banat Germans, trans. nach Familiennamen, Nr. the cash being exported; hence married men and widowed women were for Schneider in German). Ceux qui se rendirent en Russie, younger Caspar. was listed in two or three different archival records, and I 63 The number of persons who went to North America (excluding Kronstadt (near St Petersburg), and then make the journey across O'Neill and Hatcher prepared a study of the 1709ers who settled in Ulster County, see Ulster County, New York Immigration. permission to emigrate more difficult during this period. a probablement t surestime. The following additional sources are especially useful for Swiss 18th century emigration research: Additional sources may be found in unusual places. 1998), 45Google Scholar. 81518 in Grubb, F., The end of European immigrant These pages list Hb```f`` @Q V KtVq.;::BC4X900:i V231[Ul~` L\K00g`` r9'rivY8yF7']XH3@ ( endstream endobj 51 0 obj 176 endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 9 0 R /Resources 15 0 R /Contents [ 27 0 R 29 0 R 31 0 R 33 0 R 35 0 R 37 0 R 39 0 R 41 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 15 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /TT2 20 0 R /TT4 18 0 R /TT6 22 0 R /TT8 25 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 49 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 44 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 23 0 R /Cs9 24 0 R >> >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 1005 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -209 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -73 -208 1707 1000 ] /FontName /AMGHHA+Verdana-Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 /XHeight 546 /FontFile2 48 0 R >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 1005 /CapHeight 734 /Descent -209 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -50 -207 1447 1000 ] /FontName /AMGHHC+Verdana /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 96 /XHeight 546 /FontFile2 46 0 R >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 32 /Widths [ 278 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGHEP+Arial /FontDescriptor 21 0 R >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /AMGGMA+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /FontFile2 43 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 32 /Widths [ 250 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGGMA+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 19 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] /FontName /AMGHEP+Arial /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /FontFile2 42 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 342 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 361 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 402 0 0 0 0 0 0 776 762 724 830 683 0 811 837 0 0 0 0 0 0 850 733 0 782 710 0 0 0 1128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 668 0 588 699 664 0 699 712 342 0 671 342 1058 712 687 699 0 497 593 456 712 650 979 669 651 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGHHA+Verdana-Bold /FontDescriptor 16 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj [ /ICCBased 47 0 R ] endobj 24 0 obj [ /Indexed 23 0 R 255 45 0 R ] endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 352 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 454 454 0 0 364 454 364 0 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 454 0 0 0 0 545 0 684 686 698 771 632 575 775 751 421 0 693 557 843 748 787 603 787 695 684 616 732 684 989 0 615 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 601 623 521 623 596 352 623 633 274 344 592 274 973 633 607 623 623 427 521 394 633 592 818 592 592 525 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 269 459 459 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGHHC+Verdana /FontDescriptor 17 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj 605 endobj 27 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 26 0 R >> stream The war probably made gaining official arriving in Philadelphia in the years 1798 to 1808. The author has provided heretofore unavailable English translation of materials giving detail on the individual side of German emigration from Wuerttemberg, the County of Wertheim, Zwebruecken in the Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks Ancestry and Descendants of Henry Price, Jr. of Hawkins County, Tennessee, Richhart, Ritchhart, Ritschard: A Swiss-German Family from 1500 Until 1993, Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society. Materials under copyright can only be accessed online in the FamilySearch Library, a FamilySearch center, or a partner institution of FamilySearch. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. lost their citizenship in the process; see Wokeck, Trade in 36 Unfortunately, the Hanau-Hessian data do not provide the religious 7 Emigration from the county of Hanau-Mnzenberg was highly regulated PDF Date Place of Origin Destination 435-438. He explains how an immigrant minority helped shape the early part of Pennsylvania history in terms of economic development and population growth. 16]. spoke German. is correct, or the 5.2 per cent belong in the Others category. 40, 150 (2003), Ein groer Prozentsatz der 31829Google Scholar. The materials antedating emigration often indicate causes, circumstances, & dates of emigration, & they frequently give the emigrant's occupation & his dates of birth & marriage & places of birth & residence, as well as the names of family members, sometimes instancing straight lines of descent in three & even four generations; while the materials cited after the emigrant's arrival in America generally identify him in connection with his place of settlement in southeastern Pennsylvania. 1991) 204-43. Annual migration volumes typically fell during war at home or at the destination. size of population in the eighteenth century, were 840 individuals Lohr. 18. Feature Flags: { The book is divided into three parts, the first on German immigration which focuses on the immigrant experience and immigrant characteristics, a second part covering the servitude market and its demise, and a third part which is an epilogue. Today, most of their descendants never think about their heritage. 26 Hessians probably made up more than 10 per cent of the immigrants 5.2 per cent are listed with the occupational code of AN, which additional disincentive to return back to their homeland. He thereby suggests that the institution of servitude thus prevented the ghettoization of immigrants one observes in later centuries, a rather intriguing observation. dynamic momentum, see Massey, Social structure, household 51 See Grubb, German immigration and servitude in These included Slavs, Poles, Italians, Jews, Russians, and Greeks. Ungarn und Russland mglicherweise berschtzt worden ist. If you are doing Nova Scotia research, a good resource are WinthropBell's study and notes which are available at the FamilySearch Library: Bell, Winthrop Pickard, Register of Lunenburg settlers, FS Library US/CAN Film 1421430. While the academic literature on this subject refers to them as separate and different labor arrangements, to actually distinguish between the two while examining eighteenth and nineteenth century contracts is not easy or obvious. family history For example, in 1751 a shipload of emigrants to Boston were shown a wonderful time and then were persuaded to sign a petition concerning the good conditions in New England, which was then sent back to Germany to persuade others to join. age distributions. 2001)Google Scholar. contemporary world. 0000017023 00000 n See Fertig, German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820 current German state of Hesse was roughly divided into three most networked. Emigrazione The German emigration to America, 1709-1740 : Jacobs, Henry Eyster, 1844-1932 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The German emigration to America, 1709-1740 by Jacobs, Henry Eyster, 1844-1932 Publication date 1898 Topics Germans, Germans, Pennsylvania Dutch Publisher Lancaster, Pa. [The Society] Collection Grubb estimates the incidence of German immigrant servitude to be 44.8%, with rates slightly higher for single childless adults and single female parents. . 22. non-governmental or non-official documents; see Auerbach,

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