Arthritis Rheum. Pravda J. Metabolic theory of septic shock. Although liposomal encapsulation could increase vitamin C bioavailability, plasma vitamin C concentrations were much lower than those achieved with intravenous vitamin C administration (190). Association of vitamin C with the risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. 2011;51(5):1068-1084. Production of both collagen and elastin requires vitamin C, lysine and proline. (PubMed), 86. In contrast, trials are intervention studies that can establish a causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome, e.g., by evaluating the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence of chronic disease in participants randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C or placebo for a given length of time. While plasma vitamin C concentration reflects recent dietary intake, leukocyte (white blood cell) vitamin C is thought to be an indicator of body stores. Hammoud AO, Bujold E, Sorokin Y, Schild C, Krapp M, Baumann P. Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study. 25. Barbara Delage, Ph.D. (PubMed), 149. The amount of vitamin C required to help prevent chronic disease is higher than the amount required for prevention of scurvy. However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). Plasma concentrations of ascorbate reach steady-state at concentrations between 60 and 80 micromoles/L (mol/L). 2007;6:41. Nonetheless, vitamin C supplementation led to a 36% lower risk of placental abruption and to a significant increase in gestational age at birth (88). Reiss GR, Werness PG, Zollman PE, Brubaker RF. 1998;36(3):143-147. The national study identified smokers and those of lower socioeconomic status to both be at higher risk for vitamin C deficiency (36). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. The effect of intravenous vitamin C on cancer- and chemotherapy-related fatigue and quality of life. Two randomized controlled trials conducted in the 1990s reported a reduction in reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and myocardial injury with intravenous(136)or oral (137)vitamin C administration prior to CABG surgery (reviewed in 135). (PubMed), 59. Years later, Dr. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner, is ignored for reporting that large amounts of vitamin C and lysine are needed to prevent coronary attacks. Giana Angelo, Ph.D. A meta-analysis of observational studies found that a reduced risk of age-related cataract with higher dietary vitamin C intakes in case-control studies and with higher circulating vitamin C concentrations in cross-sectional studies. Krajewska B, Brindell M. Urease activity and L-ascorbic acid. New York: Marcel Decker, Inc.; 1997:1-24. A US national survey of more than 10,000 adults found that blood lead concentrations were inversely related to serum vitamin C concentrations (183). Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk prospective study. (PubMed), 196. If there is inadequate Vitamin C, the next best way to repair your arterial injuries is make a Lp(a) plaque to cover the injury. Few studies have measured vitamin C concentration in the CSF, which more closely reflects the vitamin C status of the brain. 2010;119(3):753-765. Such symptoms appear to be related to the weakening of blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, which all contain collagen. Finally, mutations in genes coding for vitamin C-dependent TET demethylases, mutations that are common in cancer cells, may also contribute to resistance to vitamin C treatment (165). In the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study, 77,719men and women (ages 50-76 years) were questioned at baseline on their use of dietary supplements during the previous 10 years (124). Of note, because intravenous administration of 80 g of vitamin C precipitated hemolytic anemia in two subjects with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, patients due to receive high-dose vitamin C infusion are systematically screened for this genetic disorder (166). Crit Care. Additional detail is provided below for those cancer subtypes with substantial scientific information obtained from prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57(2):213-217. 2014;12:32. People with impaired kidney function may be at risk for aluminum toxicity when supplemental vitamin C is taken at the same time as these compounds (200, 201). Ann Oncol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Diabetes Care. Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study. Linus Pauling Institute And the NCI couldn't afford to be seen as "kooky" or "fringy." Better to be just plain wrong. Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, Morgenstern R, Wolk A. Vitamin C supplements and the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study in women. Yet, most studies were small and of short duration and thus did not assess the consequence of long-term use of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of vascular complications in diabetic patients. Nutr Metab Insights. Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. Carr AC, Cook J. J Am Heart Assoc. Website https://www.paulingtherapy.comPauling Therapy for Heart Disease:-Vitamin C 12,000 mg-Lysine 6,000 mg-Proline 2,000 mg Dixit S, Bernardo A, Walker JM, et al. Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food . 1982;47(3):473-482. 1998;68(5):309-315. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. Cell Death Dis. A vitamin C intake of at least 400 mg daily may be particularly important for older adults who are at higher risk for age-related chronic diseases. (PubMed), 127. A 2012 meta-analysis of 29 trials found no effect of oral vitamin C, given alone or in combination with other antioxidants, on all-cause mortality (127). Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science Sauberlich HE. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. Can J Cardiol. Am J Epidemiol. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? 2017;58:66-77. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). San Francisco: W.H. Zheng Z, Harman JL, Coresh J, et al. I don't think it will interfere with the citrulline/arginine doses, as long as they are taken separately on an empty stomach (When we start mixing too many amino acids at the same time, we may . Although the analysis adjusted for several lifestyle and known risk factors, the authors noted that other healthy behaviors and/or folate intake may have confounded the association. Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. The mechanisms underlying differential sensitivity to vitamin C are under investigation. The concern of kidney stone formation with vitamin C supplementation is discussed below. The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. 202 Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Potential mechanisms of action for vitamin C in cancer: reviewing the evidence. (PubMed), 134. 6 Kennes B, Dumont I, Brohee D, Hubert C, Neve P. Effect of vitamin C supplements on cell-mediated immunity in old people. With respect to vitamin C and cerebrovascular disease, a prospective cohort study that followed more than 2,000 residents of a rural Japanese community for 20 years found that the risk of stroke in those with the highest serum concentrations of vitamin C was 29% lower than in those with the lowest serum concentrations of vitamin C (57). (PubMed). Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG. There is a need for better quality studies to examine the effect of vitamin C on cardiovascular endpoints in participants with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. (PubMed), 198. The Therapy: Vitamin C, Lysine and Proline The form of vitamin C recommended by Dr. Linus Pauling is pure pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid: - Not buffered. 2013;173(5):386-388. (PubMed), 108. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. (PubMed). I use it myself. 177. Sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are the most common forms, although a number of other mineral ascorbates are available. Improved endothelial function was observed with daily vitamin C doses above 500 mg (39). 2014;3(2):45-54. Because high doses of vitamin C have also been found to interfere with the interpretation of certain laboratory tests (e.g., serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and the stool guaiac assay for occult blood), it is important to inform one's health care provider of any recent supplement use. ", Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1999;91(6):547-556. Linus Pauling believed that chronic scurvy can be prevented with an orthomolecular daily intake of between 3,000 to 10,000 mg or more vitamin C. This amount approximates what the animals synthesize, and matching animal production is the reason Pauling ingested 18,000 mg daily. 1990;265(5):2584-2587. Most multivitamin supplements provide at least 60 mg of vitamin C. Whether older adults have higher requirements for vitamin C is not yet known with certainty, yet some older populations have been found to have vitamin C intakes considerably below the RDA of 75 and 90 mg/day for women and men, respectively (207). (PubMed), 23. Although the use of lead paint and leaded gasoline has been discontinued in the US, lead toxicity continues to be a significant health problem, especially in children living in urban areas. 2013;97(4):800-807. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. (PubMed), 185. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. In addition, a 2013 systematic review by the same investigators identified only two small randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that examined the effect of vitamin C on the incidence of respiratory infection-induced asthma(179). The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. Crit Care. Nutrients. Chen GC, Lu DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. Wei L, Liang G, Cai C, Lv J. J Am Soc Nephrol. Nutr Cancer. Intravenous administration of 50 mg or 200 mg of vitamin C per kg per day for 96 hours to patients with sepsis admitted in intensive care unit was found to correct vitamin C deficiency. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Cigarette smoking or second-hand exposure to cigarette smoke contributes to increased blood lead concentration and a state of chronic low-level lead exposure. Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, et al. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. Vitamin C requirements are likely to be increased in this population due to the hypermetabolic response driven by the systemic inflammatory reaction (152, 153). 2011;2(2):78-88. Br J Anaesth. In both the Japanese (57)and EPIC-Norfolk (58)populations, blood vitamin C concentrations were highly correlated with fruit and vegetable intake. Thus, individuals suffering from certain diseases may require substantially larger amounts of vitamin C to achieve optimum body levels or derive therapeutic benefits, areas that were of great interest to Linus Pauling and need to be further explored. Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Another trial randomized 532 patients to receive a 3-g vitamin C infusion or a placebo (saline solution) within six hours prior to coronary angioplasty (131). The role of vitamin C as a cofactor is also related to its redox potential. 201. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. Chuang CH, Sheu BS, Kao AW, et al. Carriers of two copies of the Hp2 allele (Hp2-2) express a Hp protein that has a lower capacity to bind and remove pro-oxidant, free hemoglobin (Hb) from plasma, compared to Hp proteins coded by the Hp1-1 and Hp1-2 genotypes. Vitamin C supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. ACS Chem Neurosci. Linus Pauling, Ph.D. (1901-1994), was the only person ever to win two unshared Nobel prizes.

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