Geeven partnered with geologists and engineers to record the sound of a 30,000-foot hole located in the sloping hills of Windischeschenbach, Germany, and turned it into a fascinating art installation. Some of the geologists had apparently seen a Satanic apparition rise from the hole. The Soviet Union successfully dug to the deepest point they could before they were forced to stop because their equipment was melting. Drilling began on May 24, 1970, and the super-deep Kola borehole ceased to be drilled in the 1990s. In the late 1950s, the wonderfully named American Miscellaneous Society came up with the first serious plan to drill down to the mantle. The 1,800-mile-thick mantle sitsor more accurately, heaves up and downjust below the Earths crust and above the Earths core. The temperature gradient conformed to what scientists had predicted down to about 100,000 feet (30,408 meters). Join more than one million Future fans by liking us onFacebook, or follow us onTwitterorInstagram. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. US agencies are sparring over who gets to oversee the crypto industry, and companies are stuck in the middle. The Kola Hole was stopped in 1992 because it reached a very high temperature of 180 C (356F). This is the Kola Superdeep Borehole, the deepest manmade hole on Earth and deepest artificial point on Earth. [7] Carman, Ashley. Rather than drill a very, very deep hole, the US expedition observed by novelist John Steinbeck decided to take a short cut through the Pacific Ocean floor off Guadalupe, Mexico. Instead, the engineers had to improvise. The main sticking point is that there are three main candidate sites. Instead they used recordings from a geophone, a device that measures ground movement, and an ultrasonic sensor that measures soundwaves outside the range of human hearing. Holes are also dug in the name of science, Harms says, to better understand things like: "One example in detail is that observations very close to an earthquake zone allow [researchers] to monitor the initiation and propagation of even the tiniest earthquake in response to stress and strain," Harms says. As for the ghastly audio recordings, well, theyre fake. One of the works commissioned was Justin Bennetts Vilgiskoddeoayvinyarvi: Wolf Lake on the Mountains, a sound walk that takes us inside the now abandoned and very decrepit research station in the company of the last worker still living there. Binance and Coinbase Have Been Sucked Into a Regulatory Turf War. The Kola Superdeep Borehole is located 10 kilometers north of the town of Zapolyarny, in the Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia. They can cost hundreds of millions of euros and only a small percentage will actually be for the earth sciences, the rest will be for technological development, and of course, operations. It was really exciting. Winter measurements of geoa coustic noise in the Kola Superdeep Well SG 3 made by us in the period from October 20, 2005, until January 28, 2006, at the depth of 3050 m did not give the expected . The Soviets then entered the fray in 1970 with the Kola Superdeep Borehole project on the Kola Peninsula in the extreme northeast of Russia (up by Finland). Subterranean Creatures: Another theory posits that the sounds are the cries of unknown subterranean creatures, trapped in the depths of the Earths crust and disturbed by the drilling process[6]. bio Have your say in our news democracy. If that sounds ambitiousyoud be right. [4] Davis, Lauren. Beyond this, is the 1,800-mile deep mantle and beyond that, right at the center of the Earth, is the core. Well, an urban legend might say it sounds like hell. "My first nave thought of lowering a normal microphone inside was waived," she says. Their Kola Superdeep Borehole was started in 1970 and still holds the world record for the deepest hole in the ground,. Its like trying to keep a pit in the center of a pot of hot soup. It is located in Russia and reaches a maximum depth of 40,230 feet. The Kola Superdeep Borehole was a technical accomplishment. It was an attempt to drill as far into the Earth as possible. Although there were plans to continue the project, funding ceased in 1995. architecture The borehole exists purely for the wonderful science of it all. Digging in the earth is in my nature, and I spent a childhood building underground tunnels, huts and trying to dig a hole to China with my friends until we reached the underground water and couldnt go further, she recalls. [6] Graham, Andrew. photography [1] Martinez, Michael. It was dug in order to learn more about the inside of the Earth.Digging started on May 24, 1970. The clearest evidence were microscopic fossils encased in organic compounds that were surprisingly intact despite the extreme pressures and temperatures of the surrounding rock. [1], Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Skeptoid #307: The Siberian Hell Sounds", "Background on the Drilling to Hell story", "Story of the Well to Hell Digs up Chuckles Not Screams of the Damned", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Well_to_Hell&oldid=1145257570, This page was last edited on 18 March 2023, at 02:51. Like one of your listeners who discounted the story as nothing more than just a religious newspaper fabricated account. Photo by BJ Nilsen for Sonic Acts, Justin Bennett, Vilgiskoddeoayvinyarvi: Wolf Lake on the Mountains, 2016. Psychological Factors: The human mind is highly susceptible to suggestion and prone to misinterpretation, especially in stressful or unfamiliar situations[12]. The Sounds from Hell: Fact or Fiction? Unknown Country, 6 Dec. 2018, www.unknowncountry.com/insight/the-sounds-from-hell-fact-or-fiction/. What does outer space sound like in your country? The result was the Kola Super deep Borehole and a drill-depth of more than 7.5 miles (12 kilometers). Lisboa Soa 2016-2020. how a switch saved the race to the Moon from disaster. A staff member had written the story from memory after reading it in a newspaper called Etela Soumen. We know all of this, by the way, thanks to the work of Rich Buhler, a radio host whod heard the story from some of his callers. The solution they came up with is now a standard technology in the oil and gas fields of the world. [8] Urban, Heather. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. labs Photo by Rosa Menkman, Photo from the official website documenting the KSB. Located in the Pechengsky District of Russia near the Norway border, the borehole was part of the Soviet Union's project to drill as deep into the Earth's Crust as possible. The vibrations were recorded from a geophone, not microphone in the borehole are likely the result of the rocks adjusting to the presence of the borehole which changed the stress fields. American tabloids soon ran the story, and sound files began appearing on various sites across the Internet. All products featured on Urbo.com are independently selected by our editors. "To address key scientific questions" that could give answers to some of science's biggest mysteries about our planet, says Dr. Ulrich Harms. WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. The team had planned to drill as deep as 15,000 m which would have meant working at a temperature of 300 C, where the drill bit would no longer work. In 1970, Soviet geologists took on the challenge, setting their drills over the Kola Peninsula, which juts eastward out of the Scandinavian landmass. Equipment Malfunction: Skeptics argue that the sounds could be the result of equipment malfunctions, echoing vibrations from the drilling process, or other technical issues related to the borehole project[8]. According to some, this is the entrance to hell. So, while Kola is an impressively deep borehole, it is surprisingly shallow compared to Earth's depth. You have entered an incorrect email address! Reckless Drivers On The Rise Since The Pandemic Started, Caring For Houseplants: Tips, Tricks And Products You Need, Salvation Mountain And The Last Free City. Kola Superdeep Borehole: How Deep Did Russia Drill into the Earth? BBC News, 22 May 2019, www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48230157. And while the Kola Superdeep Borehole never reached beyond Earth's crust, it remains the deepest man-made hole in the world. BPs Deepwater Horizon holds the offshore record. The Bizarre History Of The Okeh Laughing Record, Apparently Phantom Kangaroos Are Becoming A Real Problem. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. "My question to them was of an existential and poetic nature: 'What does the earth sound like?' When they neared the 9-mile point, however, their drill bit began to spin wildly, indicating that it had broken through into a larger area. That sounds deep, and it is deep . [3] Roach, John. The Superdeep (Russian: , romanized: Kol'skaya sverkhglubokaya, lit. Engineers plowed on, but the deeper the drill went, the hotter Earth became. The enigmatic sounds emanating from the borehole have been described as a cacophony of screams, wails, and moans, resembling the tormented cries of countless souls trapped in an infernal abyss[4]. . The huge drill rig is still there and a tourist attraction today but today the crane just lowers instruments for measurement. One of those is off Costa Rica, one off Baha, and one off Hawaii.. When drilling began at the Kola Superdeep Borehole site in the 1970s, for example, the drill plowed through the granite rock rather effortlessly. They act as engines for new thoughts and ideas.". The quest to drill deeper created a global scientific contest akin to the Space Race. activism social networking The Chiky uses a GPS system and six adjustable computer-controlled jets that can alter the position of the huge ship by as little as 50cm (20in). In the depths of the Siberian tundra, a chilling and enigmatic mystery has captured the imagination of the world. The scientists were going where no human had gone before. Unravel the tangled world of cords and find the ones you need to charge your gadgets and transfer data. The project to drill. The Kola Core Repository is in the town of Zapolyarny. In fact, no-one really did. green sousveillance Keep reading to find out the history behind this now common unit of measurement. The deepest hole on Earth was sealed after finding a fossil that is 2 billion years old. A Brief History of Steamboat Racing in the U.S. Ultimately, its a journey of discovery. Listen, that cap is there to save your ankle, because while Smithsonian says this hole has only a 9 inch diameter at its base, it goes down 7.5 miles into the Earth, or 40,230 feet. Unfortunately, it was not possible to get the equipment in time.. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Jennifer Walker-Journey There were false start and blockages. Last year, while i sat down listening to the speakers of the Open Fields conference in Riga, i learnt about the existence of the Kola Superdeep Borehole, the deepest man-made hole ever dug into the Earth crust. 4 January 2023. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission. Located on the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia, the project drilled down to an astounding depth of 7.5 miles (12 kilometers), making it the deepest man-made hole on Earth at the time[3]. Underneath and virtually unseeable from ground level at just 9 inches (23 centimeters) in diameter, is the world's deepest borehole. Geeven uses audio foam as a visual representation of the recorded sounds. With funds from the National Science Foundation, they drilled 601 feet (183 meters) into the seabed before the project was pulled in 1966 by the U.S. House of Representatives. Terms of Use And can you really get to China by digging? art in London There are always surprises., The Kola Super Borehole site has been derelict since the early 1990s (Credit: Rakot13/CC BY-SA 3.0). Ambivalence, part 2: On the uneasy relationship between digital art and the environment, PlateauResidue: the artists whose daily life reflects their fight for the climate, Recording studio for bees and other sound oddities, The magnificent stairs of the Museum Dr. Guislain, Old gasoline pumps at #wintercircus #wintercircusg, Oliver Ressler. The oil and gas industry also claims some deep holes, on land and offshore. 'Kola Superdeep') is a 2020 Russian horror film directed by Arseny Syuhin, based on the real-life Kola Superdeep Borehole. The story about the digging, the hearing of the sounds from hell, is very real. The idea is that this ship would pick up the torch and continue the work started by the original Mohole project 50 years ago, says Sean Toczko, programme manager for the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science. Justin Bennett, Vilgiskoddeoayvinyarvi: Wolf Lake on the Mountains, 2016. In three-dimensional space, the surface of a black hole must be a sphere. In the middle of the crumbling building is a heavy, rusty metal cap embedded in the concrete floor, secured by a ring of thick and equally rusty metal bolts. You always find down there something that really surprises you, and especially if you go down into an area that is very deep in the crust. Superdeep boreholes have made a lot of progress in telling us about the thick continental crust. He made the decision to lower several heat-resistant microphones into the hole, along with an array of other measuring tools. Yes, eventually. The network quoted a man named Mr. Nummedal: What really unnerved the Soviets, apart from the voice recordings, was the appearance that same night of a fountainhead of luminous gas shooting up from the drill site, and out of the midst of this incandescent cloud pillar a brilliant being with bat wings revealed itself with the words (in Russian): I have conquered, emblazoned against the dark Siberian sky.. * This story is featured in BBC Futures Best of 2019 collection. In 1990, German scientists began the German Continental Deep Drilling Program in Bavaria. Scientists began drilling in 1970, determined to beat. In a Heisenberg-ian twist, it seems possible that some of the sounds were created by the devices themselves. Only Viktor lives there now. And, the higher the heat, the more liquid the environment, and the harder to maintain the bore, said Andrews. The Noise of Being exhibition speculates on the strange and anxious state of being human. The Kola Borehole: Demons, Monsters or Just Science? The Paranormal Guide, 20 Sep. 2019, www.theparanormalguide.com/blog/the-kola-borehole-demons-monsters-or-just-science. [2] In 1992, the U.S. tabloid Weekly World News published an alternative version of the story, which was set in Alaska where 13 miners were killed after Satan came roaring out of hell. That'll take some pretty technologically advanced equipment, considering temperatures there are predicted to be as high as 500 degrees Fahrenheit (250 degrees Celsius). In 1970, the Soviets launched their attempt, drilling into Earth in Murmansk, Russia, just outside the Norwegian border near the Barents Sea. All the recordings are worth listening to but if you are in a hurry, do at least make some time for the last one which allows you to listen inside the borehole: For more background and info, check out this Dark Ecology article as well as some of the photos i stole from Sonic Acts flickr album of the project: Justin Bennett, Vilgiskoddeoayvinyarvi: Wolf Lake on the Mountains, 2016. So why, in 20 years' time, have engineers only been able to dig a few miles into Earth? The film focuses on a group of researchers and soldiers who investigate the mystery surrounding reports of a disease outbreak at a secret underground research . This theory suggests that the chilling sounds could be easily explained as the byproducts of the drilling operations, rather than a supernatural or paranormal phenomenon. It is the deepest point ever reached. The agency's drilling ship Chikyu, currently located off the coast of East Asia, is equipped to drill through 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) of ocean water and 3.7 miles (6 kilometers) of crust to reach the mantle. By 1989 the Soviet engineers had reached a depth of 40,230 ft or more than 7.6 miles far short of the Earth's core, or even the mantle. Viktor worked on the Kola Superdeep project until it closed and has stayed on-site long after the drilling tower fell apart. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission. He passed away fairly recently He let me listen to one of the audio tapes that he had on the sounds from hell in Siberia, and I copied it. The Sounds from Hell: Origins and Theories. The Germans began their own superdeep borehole project in 1990 (Credit: Jochem Kueck), We tried to utilise some of the Russian techniques in the early 90s or late 80s when Russia became more open and willing to cooperate with the West, he adds. And at the time it was considered an incredible feat of science as geologists were able to determine what the Earths crust contained at 12.262 km. ars electronica However, all of these expeditions ended in a degree of frustration. That's when temperatures in the well increased from the expected 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius) to 356 degrees Fahrenheit (180 degrees Celsius). Photo by Rosa Menkman Photo from the official website documenting the KSB The ghostly radio station no-one claims to run, What was it like to work in the world's biggest building, The giant hangar built for an Arctic airship. Joseph Kaplan. Follow these helpful tips to provide the best care for your houseplants. . Located only about 16 kilometers from Norway, the Kola borehole is about as far from Siberia as you can get and still be in Russia. >At its deepest point, the hole reaches a scorching 500 degrees Fahrenheit. The sound was like rumbling thunder, or the oncoming roar of a tornado ripping through the sky. They sent a microphone down. bioart Hoax or Misinformation: Another possibility is that the story of the Sounds from Hell is a hoax or the result of misinformation , spread by sensationalist media or individuals seeking attention[9]. Yet amidst the natural beauty stand the ruins of an abandoned Soviet scientific research station. street This is the Kola Superdeep Borehole, the deepest manmade hole on Earth and deepest artificial point on Earth. | Il Blog di Pierluigi Piccini, http://we-make-money-not-art.com/listen-to-the-sounds-from-the-deepest-hole-ever-dug-into-the-earth-…. The Kola Superdeep Borehole is the result of a scientific drilling project by the Soviet Union in what is now north-western Russia that began in 1970 and continued through 1992. art There is a lot of water inside the hole. Some people thought it did sound like hell. Harms is the director of the German Scientific Earth Probing Consortium at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. | READ MORE. The borehole still exists - but the entrance has been welded shut (Credit: Rakot13/CC BY-SA 3.0). A Deadly Cousin of Ebola Has Flared Up in Africa. So much so, that tabloids claimed scientists at the drilling sight heard strange sounds coming from the borehole, leading them to lower a microphone down. American engineers drilled through the Pacific Ocean floor off Guadalupe, Mexico. Like the space race, the race to the explore this unknown deep frontier was a demonstration of engineering prowess, cutting-edge technology and the right stuff. This scientific digging project of the former USSR is even deeper than the lowest point in the ocean. WIRED may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. Not surprisinglybecause the crust is thinnersome deep holes have been bored through the ocean floor. The Kola Superdeep Borehole is the deepest hole in the world. A holes endless nature is just the sort of thing that make a person ponder existential questions like: What does life actually mean? However, the supposed sounds of hell that were found at the deepest part of the Earth are only an urban myth created to generate buzz around the borehole. It's also deeper than the deepest point of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, which lays at a depth of 11,034 meters (36,201 feet) below sea level. Where Are the Jobs? He recounts the history of the Kola Superdeep, talks about the equipment used to create this acupuncture point in the body of the earth, his everyday life with only radio and wildlife as company, Sami shamanism, Syrians on bikes and Dantes circles of hell. design entertainment What even is horsepower? The deepest artificially dug hole on Earth is the Kola Superdeep Borehole SG-3 which was dug at 12.262 km (7.61 miles) in 1989. We would love to hear from you! While the scientists dont expect to find a hidden cavern full of dinosaurs, they do describe their projects as expeditions. [12] Wiseman, Richard. None of those holes are deeper than the Kola Superdeep Borehole, though some were longer, having veered off their vertical courses. Even more exciting was the discovery of biological activity in the rocks. The plan was there to drill deeper than the Soviets, says Harms, but we hadnt even reached our allowed phase of 10km (6.25 miles) in the time we had. soviet scientists dug the world's deepest hole in the 1970's. After hitting the furthest point they could reach 7.5 miles down. The Kola Superdeep Borehole is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, near the Russian border with Norway, on the Kola Peninsula. The Bizarre Tale of the Hellish Sounds Heard in the Siberian Tundra. Mysterious Universe, 16 Feb. 2020, mysteriousuniverse.org/2020/02/the-bizarre-tale-of-the-hellish-sounds-heard-in-the-siberian-tundra/. Kola Superdeep Borehole, commemorated on a 1987 USSR stamp Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the Uralmash -4E, a serial drilling rig used for drilling oil wells. Still, the Soviets drilled for another 10 years to reach the hole's current depth. I do believe they were a bit skeptical at first about my presence. she says. Turn your headphones down (and try not to listen in an office or public place). In this comprehensive article, we examine the story behind the Borehole Drilling Project, delve into the various theories surrounding the Sounds from Hell, and investigate the scientific explanations that might shed light on this unnerving enigma. The deepest hole we have ever dug | The Kola Superdeep Borehole One Minute Explore 9.69K subscribers Subscribe 2.8K Share 227K views 2 years ago #deepesthole #oneminutexplore #kolaborehole. There was a similar project in the Kola Peninsula, located in northwestern Russia. The Gates of Hell: One of the most popular theories suggests that the borehole inadvertently breached the gates of Hell itself, releasing the tortured screams of the damned into the world[5]. Salvation Mountain is a man-made mountain built to spread the idea of love for one another, and visiting it is a real interesting experience. In 1989, drilling reached a depth of 40,230 feet (12,262 meters) vertically below Earth's surface. This was twice what was expected at that depth and drilling deeper was no longer possible. In recent years, though, the Kola Superdeep Borehole (yes, thats its actual name) has been dwarfed by both a 40,318-foot oil rig in Qatar and a 40,502-foot well off the Russian island of Sakhalin, and you get the sense that the race for deepest hole in the world is not over yet. But in higher dimensions, an infinite number of configurations are possible. "Perhaps this is what is going on.". It also took a while. Disgusted with what he perceived to be mass gullibility, Rendalen decided to augment the tale at TBN's expense. Here are five indoor plants that you essentially cannot kill. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Myth-busting website Skeptoid dug up this YouTube video, which effectively shows that the Well to Hell audio recordings use looped sections of screams. trends The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Solid Ventures, Inc. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. But the drill bits have a limited lifespan, and high temperatures can deform bits and pipes, not to mention creating a mess out of the bore hole. At a remote drilling project, workers reported hearing inexplicable sounds, described as the agonizing screams of tortured souls, echoing from deep within the earth[1]. For Lotte Geeven, shes always wondered about one thing: Ive always been curious about what kind of sound the Earth would make, she says. The Little Bang Helping Physicists Study the Infant Universe. "Exactly knowing what it is is not important I believe," she says. All products featured on Urbo.com are independently selected by our editors. Others thought they could hear the planet breathe.. When Dutch artist Lotte Geevan lowered her microphone protected by a thermal shield down the German borehole, it picked up a deep rumbling sound that scientists couldnt explain, a rumbling that made her feel very small; it was the first time in my life this big ball we live on came to life, and it sounds haunting, she says. In 1958, Americans launched Project Mohole, a plan to retrieve a sample from Earth's mantle by drilling to the bottom of the ocean off Guadalupe Island, Mexico. (More on this in a minute.). The project is expected to cost upward of $500 million. Copyright 2023 Solid Ventures, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vilgiskoddeoayvinyarvi: Wolf Lake on the Mountains is part of the exhibition The Noise of Being by Sonic Acts. When was the Kola Superdeep Borehole stopped? The rig was slightly modified to be able to reach a 7,000-meter (23,000 ft) depth. body How To Spot Multi-Level Marketing Scams, And How To Avoid Them, Why Americans Refrigerate Eggs And Other Countries Dont. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. telephony The audio is pretty disturbing, but weve linked it above. vintage The infrastructure can be built up, but that takes time and money, adds Toczko. "These grand circles of how our planet evolves remain enigmatic along this boundary and the Moho Discontinuity [the boundary between Earth's crust and the mantle] is therefore a prime objective of scientific.". Does it actually have anything to do with horses? It turns out that the voyage to the center of the Earth is a bit trickier than researchers expected. They are pure science undertakings and you never know quite know what you are going to find. "We want to recover these near-field physical, chemical, and mechanical data to fundamentally understand these processes that cannot be simplified in lab experiments or computer models.". "Earth scientists want access to the real in situ mantle to understand the nature of this boundary that is still debated and from which we have no fresh samples that contain information on how the crust and mantle interact, how fluids and magma droplets escape from the mantle into the crust and ultimately into our hydrosphere, and how they feed the biosphere or how matter escapes back into the mantle. What'd They Find in the Kola Superdeep Borehole? That was a drastic difference from the 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius) they were expecting. Have you ever wondered what the deepest point of Earth sounds like? She began researching super deep holes and stumbled across the famous Kola borehole. We need inspiring politicians to talk up the value of these expeditions.. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union there was no money to fund such projects and three years later the whole facility was closed down. In places like Oman you can find mantle close to the surface, but thats mantle as it was millions of years ago. The thing about these missions is that they are like planetary exploration, says Damon Teagle, professor of geochemistry in the School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton at the University of Southampton, who has been heavily involved in the new Japanese-led project. events The researchers passed through seismic plates and encountered temperatures as high as 600 degrees F. They managed to get down about six miles before they ran out of funds. The drill site was officially shut down and the hole sealed in 2005. Telegram - https://t.me/kosmo_eng Subscribe - http://bit.ly/SubbKosmo Support us on YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/@kosmo_off/join Support us on Patr. By then it was also the early 90s in Germany and there was no good argument to raise additional funding to go any deeper because the German unification was costing such a lot of money.. robots Upon reaching the depth of 12,262m (40,230 feet) in 1989, some interesting geological anomalies were found, although they reported no supernatural encounters. Its visually modest with just a Russian seismograph registers the sound while connected to low frequency speakers, a photograph of the team at the hole and a curved audio foam under glass. It was in the time of the Iron Curtain when the drilling was started, says Uli Harms of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, who as a young scientist worked on the German rival to the Kola borehole.

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